164 research outputs found

    The contribution of corpus linguistics to lexicography and the future of Tibetan dictionaries

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    The first alphabetized dictionary of Tibetan appeared in 1829 (cf. Bray 2008) and the intervening 184 years have witnessed the publication of scores of other Tibetan dictionaries (cf. Simon 1964). Hundreds of Tibetan dictionaries are now available; these include bilin gual dictionaries, both to and from such languages as English, French, German, Latin, Japanese, etc. and specialized dictionaries focusing on medicine, plants, dialects, archaic terms, neologisms, etc. (cf. Walter 2006, McGrath 2008). However, if one classifies Tibetan dictionaries by the methods of their compilation the accomplishments of Tibetan lexicography are less impressive. Methodologies of dictionary compilation divide heuristically into three types. First, some dictionaries lack explicit methodology; these works assemble words in an ad hoc manner and illustrate them with invented examples. Second, there are dictionaries that are compiled over very long periods of time on the basis of collections of slips recording attestations of words as used in context. Third, more recent dictionaries are compiled on the basis of electronic text corpora, which are processed computationally to aid in the precision, consistency and speed of dictionary compilation. These methods may be called respectively the 'informal method', the 'traditional method', and the 'modern method'. The overwhelming majority of Tibetan dictionaries were compiled with the informal method. Only five Tibetan dictionaries use the traditional methodology. No Tibetan dictionary yet compiled makes use of the modern method

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    Proceedings of the fifth International Conference on Asian Geolinguistics

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    This volume contains papers presented at the fifth International Conference on Asian Geolinguistics (ICAG) held at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU, Ha Noi, Vietnam, from 4 to 5 May, 2023

    The internal structure of compounds: a phase account of aphasia

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    This study uses aphasia to support a phase-based derivation of compounds. Our research is nestled within the overarching and truly foundational debate between holists (Butterworth 1983, Bybee 2001, Starosta to appear) and atomists (Taft and Forster 1975, Rastle et al. 2004, Fiorentino and Poeppel 2007). The former camp maintains that compounds are stored devoid of any internal morphological structure; while the latter insist that compounds are derived by concatenation of constituent parts. Morphophonological analysis of the contrasting behaviour of simplex and compound words in Dinka and English (based on Kaye 1995) bears a striking similarity to the derivation by phase (Chomsky 2001) (cf. Newell and Piggott 2006, Newell and Scheer 2008, Scheer 2008, forth.). To confirm this novel phase-based account, contra the holists’ null-hypothesis, we ran an experiment. We tested an aphasic patient (RC), who produced high error rates with trisyllabic simplex words and negligible error rates with disyllabic simplex words. The divisive question: What would trisyllabic compounds pattern with? The surface inclined holists predict they should pattern with the long simplex words; conversely, the atomist, for whom a trisyllabic compound will be processed either [[σ σ] [σ]] or [[σ] [σ σ]], predict they should pattern with the short simplex words. The latter turns out to be correct. Our experiment shows a compound is derived by independently sending its constituent parts to spell out, once there the constituent parts are no longer accessible to grammatical operations.Este trabajo usa el fenómeno de la afasia para apoyar una derivación de los compuestos basada en el concepto de fases. Nuestra investigación se enmarca dentro del debate general y fundamental entre holistas (Butterworth 1983, Bybee 2001, Starosta en prensa) y atomistas (Taft y Forster 1975, Rastle et al. 2004, Fiorentino y Poeppel 2007). Los primeros sostienen que los compuestos son almacenados sin ningún tipo de estructura morfológica interna; por el contrario los últimos insisten en que los compuestos se derivan a través de la concatenación de ciertos constituyentes. El análisis morfo-fonológico del comportamiento paradójico por parte de las palabras simples y compuestas en Dinka e Inglés (basado en Kaye 1995) muestra una similitud chocante con el fenómeno de la derivación por fases (Chomsky 2001) (cf. Newell y Piggott 2006, Newell y Scheer 2008, Scheer 2008, en adelante.). Para verificar esta nueva versión basada en la noción de fases, como contradicción a la hipótesis-nula llevada a cabo por los holistas, realizamos un experimento. Probamos con un paciente afásico (CR), el cual tuvo un alto porcentaje de errores con palabras simples de tres sílabas así como un promedio de error insignificante con palabras simples de dos sílabas. La pregunta divisoria sería la siguiente: ¿Con qué se corresponderían los compuestos de tres sílabas? Los que en apariencia apoyan a los holistas sugieren que estos deberían tener un comportamiento similar a las palabras simples y largas; por el contrario, los atomistas, para quienes un compuesto trisil{bico ha de ser procesado bien como **σ σ+ *σ++ o **σ+ *σ σ++, establecen que estos se asemejan a las palabras simples y cortas. Estos últimos resultan ser los que están en lo cierto. Nuestro experimento corrobora que un compuesto se deriva a través del envío de sus constituyentes por separado a la fase de materialización, de tal manera que una vez allí dichos constituyentes dejan de ser accesibles a operaciones gramaticales.Este estudo recorre à afasia para confirmar a derivação por fases de compostos. A nossa pesquisa enquadra-se no debate global e verdadeiramente fundacional entre holistas (Butterworth 1983, Bybee 2001, Starosta a surgir) e atomistas (Taft e Forster 1975, Rastle et al. 2004, Fiorentino e Poeppel 2007). Os primeiros defendem que os compostos são armazenados desprovidos de qualquer estrutura morfológica interna; enquanto os últimos insistem que os compostos derivam da concatenação de partes constituintes. A análise morfo-fonológica do comportamento contrastante de palavras simples e compostas em Dinka e em Inglês (baseada em Kaye 1995) apresenta uma semelhança assinalável com a derivação por fase (Chomsky 2001) (cf. Newell e Piggott 2006, Newell e Scheer 2008, Scheer 2008, etc.). Para confirmar esta nova abordagem baseada em fases, contra a hipótese nula dos holistas, levámos a cabo uma experiência. Testámos um paciente afásico (RC), que produziu elevadas taxas de erro com palavras trissilábicas simples e taxas de erro pouco significativas com palavras dissilábicas simples. A questão decorrente: Que padrão seguem os compostos trissilábicos? Os holistas, baseados na superfície, predizem que estes seguem o padrão das palavras simples longas; inversamente, os atomistas, para quem um composto trissilábico é processado como [[σ σ] [σ]] ou [[σ] [σ σ]], predizem que seguem o padrão das palavras simples curtas. Os últimos estão correctos. A nossa experiência demonstra que um composto é derivado, enviando independentemente as suas partes constituintes para serem decifradas quando estas não se encontram mais acessíveis a operações gramaticaisFormato de letra Palatino Linotype tamaño 12; interlineado de 1’2 y espacio entre p{rrafos de 6ptos. Formato de letra Palatino Linotype tamaño 12; interlineado de 1’2 y espacio entre párrafos de 6ptos. Formato de letra Palatino Linotype tamaño 12; interlineado de 1’2 y espacio entre párrafos de 6ptos; interlineado de 1’2 y espacio entre párrafos de 6ptos

    A (Presumably Chinese) tantric scripture and its Japanese exegesis: the Yuqi Jing 瑜祇經 and the practices of the Yogin

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    The Yuqi jing [Sūtra of the Yogin] is often listed as one of the most important scriptures of Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, but its content and contribution to the esoteric system have so far been little understood. Traditionally regarded as a translation by Vajrabodhi, it was probably compiled in China in the late eighth century. The role that it played in Chinese Buddhism, however, remains unclear. In medieval Japan on the other hand, the scripture appears to have been rediscovered and enjoyed great fortunes. Medieval interpreters intervened on the text by articulating novel conceptual associations, often expressed through curious imagery. At the same time, a new type of initiatory abhiṣeka informed by the sūtra emerged, which engendered a distinctive discourse on the yogic identities pursued by a tantric practitioner. What spurred such sudden interest in the Yuqi jing in medieval Japan? What did Japanese exegetes read into the text? This article addresses these issues by exploring ‘canonical’ commentaries and unpublished initiatory documents that have recently come to light in temple archives
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