111,711 research outputs found
Dynamics of Polymers: a Mean-Field Theory
We derive a general mean-field theory of inhomogeneous polymer dynamics; a
theory whose form has been speculated and widely applied, but not heretofore
derived. Our approach involves a functional integral representation of a
Martin-Siggia-Rose type description of the exact many-chain dynamics. A saddle
point approximation to the generating functional, involving conditions where
the MSR action is stationary with respect to a collective density field
and a conjugate MSR response field , produces the desired dynamical
mean-field theory. Besides clarifying the proper structure of mean-field theory
out of equilibrium, our results have implications for numerical studies of
polymer dynamics involving hybrid particle-field simulation techniques such as
the single-chain in mean-field method (SCMF)
Three-Dimensional Simulations of Mixing Instabilities in Supernova Explosions
We present the first three-dimensional (3D) simulations of the large-scale
mixing that takes place in the shock-heated stellar layers ejected in the
explosion of a 15.5 solar-mass blue supergiant star. The outgoing supernova
shock is followed from its launch by neutrino heating until it breaks out from
the stellar surface more than two hours after the core collapse. Violent
convective overturn in the post-shock layer causes the explosion to start with
significant asphericity, which triggers the growth of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT)
instabilities at the composition interfaces of the exploding star. Deep inward
mixing of hydrogen (H) is found as well as fast-moving, metal-rich clumps
penetrating with high velocities far into the H-envelope of the star as
observed, e.g., in the case of SN 1987A. Also individual clumps containing a
sizeable fraction of the ejected iron-group elements (up to several 0.001 solar
masses) are obtained in some models. The metal core of the progenitor is
partially turned over with Ni-dominated fingers overtaking oxygen-rich bullets
and both Ni and O moving well ahead of the material from the carbon layer.
Comparing with corresponding 2D (axially symmetric) calculations, we determine
the growth of the RT fingers to be faster, the deceleration of the dense
metal-carrying clumps in the He and H layers to be reduced, the asymptotic
clump velocities in the H-shell to be higher (up to ~4500 km/s for the
considered progenitor and an explosion energy of 10^{51} ergs, instead of <2000
km/s in 2D), and the outward radial mixing of heavy elements and inward mixing
of hydrogen to be more efficient in 3D than in 2D. We present a simple argument
that explains these results as a consequence of the different action of drag
forces on moving objects in the two geometries. (abridged)Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, 30 eps files; significantly extended and more
figures added after referee comments; accepted by The Astrophysical Journa
ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF LOCAL ACTION GROUPS AND AUCTIONS FOR DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES IN THE EU - RESULTS FROM AN EXPERT SURVEY
In this article the authors focus on two important innovations for agri-environmental measures in the new council regulation: The implementation of local action groups and a call for tenders. The article describes how relevant actors assess the innovations. The results are based on 276 interviews, carried out in 2006 in nine EU Member States. Generally, actors assume that measures designed in local action groups are not necessarily more economically efficient than current measures, but they do have potential to result in a higher ecological effectiveness and in a greater acceptance. However, the opinion on auctions is comparatively critical
Re-description of Strandesia sanoamuangae Savatenalinton & Martens, 2010 and description of a new species of Strandesia (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Grande Terre, New Caledonia
The New Caledonian Archipelago is a hot spot for biodiversity and endemism. Whereas popular groups such as birds and plants are well-studied, invertebrate groups such as ostracods remain ill-known. Here, we re-describe Strandesia sanoamuangae Savatenalinton & Martens, 2010, originally described from Thailand (8000 km away from New Caledonia), and describe Strandesia mehesi sp. nov. Both species are known only from females. Material for the present study was collected from diverse aquatic non-marine habitats from Grande Terre, the main island of New Caledonia. Whereas S. sanoamuangae is seemingly easily identifiable, S. mehesi sp. nov. is part of the Strandesia vinceguerrae/vavrai species cluster in the genus, of which the 'older' species (described long ago) often have incomplete and superficial descriptions. Differentiation between the new species and the other members of this species cluster are based on small anatomical details of the valves. The current paper updates the known number of recent freshwater Ostracoda of New Caledonia from 14 to 16 species, although at least five of these species have an uncertain status
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Interpretation of HRCT Scans in the Diagnosis of IPF: Improving Communication Between Pulmonologists and Radiologists.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD). In this review, we describe the central role of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in the diagnosis of IPF and discuss how communication between pulmonologists and radiologists might be improved to make the interpretation of HRCT scans more effective. Clinical information is important in the interpretation of HRCT scans, as the likelihood that specific radiologic features reflect IPF is not absolute, but dependent on the clinical context. In cases where the clinical context or HRCT pattern are inconclusive, multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) between a pulmonologist and radiologist (and, where relevant, a pathologist and rheumatologist) experienced in the differential diagnosis of ILD is necessary to establish a diagnosis. While it can be challenging to convene a face-to-face meeting, MDD can be conducted virtually or by telephone to enable each specialty group to contribute. To make the MDD most effective, it is important that relevant clinical information (for example, on the patient's clinical history, exposures and the results of serological tests) is shared with all parties in advance. A common lexicon to describe HRCT features observed in ILD can also help improve the effectiveness of MDD. A working diagnosis may be made in patients who do not fulfill all the diagnostic criteria for any specific type of ILD, but this diagnosis should be reviewed at regular intervals, with repeat of clinical, radiological, and laboratory assessments as appropriate, as new information pertinent to the patient's diagnosis may become available
Thermo-electric response in two-dimensional Dirac systems: the role of particle-hole pairs
Clean two-dimensional Dirac systems have received a lot of attention for
being a prime candidate to observe hydrodynamical transport behavior in
interacting electronic systems. This is mostly due to recent advances in the
preparation of ultrapure samples with sufficiently strong interactions. In this
paper, we investigate the role of collective modes in the thermo-electric
transport properties of those systems. We find that dynamical particle-hole
pairs, plasmons, make a sizeable contribution to the thermal conductivity.
While the increase at the Dirac point is moderate, it becomes large towards
larger doping. We suspect, that this is a generic feature of ultraclean
two-dimensional electronic systems, also applicable to degenerate systems
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