UTILIZING BRAINLY AS A SOCIAL QUESTION-AND-ANSWER (Q&A) SERVICE IN ENGLISH LEARNING MATERIALS: BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS

This study describes Brainly as a social question-and-answer (Q&A) service in English learning and finds the positive and negative impacts on teachers and students. This research is descriptive qualitative. The analysis shows that using Brainly is easy. We can open Brainly at https://Brainly.co.id/. If we do not have an account, we can register using Gmail, then log in using the Brainly account. To make a question, click "Let's Ask", write down the questions, select the points to be rewarded to the answerers, choose the type of subject matter then click "Ask a Question". To answer a question, click the question to be answered in the "our answer" column fill in the answer, and click "Add Answer". Answering questions will add to our points. Based on previous studies, using Brainly have a positive and negative impact. Positively, teachers can convey concepts to their students simply and ability to connect students with education experts. Besides, students can add insight into knowledge which affects students' learning interests and learning outcomes. They can get answers and references and interact with each other to add answers or can be mutually correct. Brainly can provide easy content and is easily accessible to the student, this site is more practical compared to other educational sites, facilitate students in doing homework, can be used as an alternative to communicate virtually, and can be a learning resource and motivation simultaneously. Negatively, using Brainly creates students’ laziness to read books, reduces effectiveness in learning activities, generates dependency on Q&A technology, and familiarizes students to be passive to get an answer instantly. It impacts the teacher’s inability to control the students who used books or websites. However, further research certainly still needs to be done related to the level of accuracy of the answers given to the answerers on Brainly

Towards accessible technical documents: production of speech and Braille output from formatted documents

The primary objective of this research, was to devise methods for communicating highly technical material to blind people, through the medium of Braille or prosodically enhanced spoken output. This solution necessitated devising strategies to both model the document internally, and to unambiguously produce the material in the two output media. The first phase m the generation of intelligible output was the transformation of the LATEX source into well-formatted and accurate Braille. Following on from this, methodologies were defined to convey the structure and textual content of documents using prosodic alterations to the synthetic voice. We have devised mechamsms whereby mathematical content can be delivered in an intuitive manner, using the sole medium of prosodically enhanced spoken output. This ensures that the listener will not have to learn specific non-speech auditory sound to gam access to this form of presentation. We have also devised a newer, and more flexible means for representing the structure and content of the document m the computer’s memory. This Directed Graph, is a radical departure from the traditional, tree-based approach of the past, and facilitates rapid and efficient browsing of the document’s hierarchy. This thesis discusses the various aspects of the TechRead system, which will ultimately provide increased accessibility for blind people to technical documents. We demonstrate how the methods used in TechRead differ from those previously employed to solve this problem

Recovering indigenous inscriptions of meaning from the colonial novel: A re-reading of the spatial archetypes in Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim

This paper discusses an alternative reading practice of the colonial novel (Zawiah 2003) that puts the re(-) presentation of space in such novels under scrutiny. Informed firstly by Jungian archetypal criticism and secondly, by Gayatri Spivak’s concept of ‘worlding’ (1999), it examines the re-presentation of Malaya’s geospatial features – the sea, mountains, forests – as archetypes in the novel Lord Jim (1900) by Joseph Conrad. These archetypal images, I argue, erase the indigenous meanings already inscribed onto Malaya’s geospatial features, in the colonial project of worlding Malaya. However, by peeling away the layers of Western inscriptions of meaning onto Malaya’s geospatial features, the contemporary, post-colonial reader might recover the various meanings endowed on Malaya by its native inhabitants. This alternative reading practice thus enables the reader to discover the diversity of meanings that can and have been given to geospatial features, as opposed to the West’s unilateral act of worlding other worlds

Translation and narration: A corpus-based study of French translations of two novels by Virginia Woolf.

Narratology does not usually distinguish between original and translated fiction and narratologicai models do not pay any attention to the translator as a discursive subject. Since the 1990's, the visibility of translators in translated narrative texts has been increasingly discussed and researchers like Schiavi (1996) and Hermans (1996) introduced the concept of the translator's voice, which attempts to recognise the 'other' voice in translation, i.e. the presence of the translator. Corpus-based studies have also focused on recurrent features of translated language (see, for example. Baker 1993, Kenny 2001; Laviosa 1997; Olohan and Baker 2000), and corpus techniques and tools are being employed to identify the translators' 'style' in their translations (Baker 2000). The present thesis seeks to explore the nature of the translator's discursive presence by investigating certain narratologicai aspects of the relation between originals and translations. Until recently comparative analysis between originals and their translations have mainly relied on manual examinations; the present study will demonstrate that corpus-based translation studies and its tools can gready facilitate and sharpen the process of comparison. My work uses a parallel corpus composed of two English novels and their French translations; Virginia Woolf's To The Lighthouse (1927) and its three translations (Promenade au Phare, 1929, translated by Michel Lanoire; Voyage au Phare, 1993, by Magali Merle; Vers le Phare, 1996, by Francoise Pellan), and The Waves (1931), and its two translations (Les leagues, 1937, translated by Marguerite Yourcenar and Les agues, 1993, translated by Cecile Wajsbrot). The relevant texts have been scanned and put in machine-readable form and I study them using corpus-analysis tools and techniques (WordSmith Tools, Multiconcord). My investigation is particularly concerned with the potential problems involved in the translation of linguisdc features that constitute the notion of point of view, i.e. deixis, modality, transitivity and free indirect discourse, and seeks to determine whether and how the translator's choices affect the transfer of narratologicai structures

Sentencing reforms in a postcolonial society: a call for the rationalisation of sentencing discretion in Nigeria, drawing on South Africa and England

Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis investigates measures to ensure that sentencers introduce proportionality to sentencing and refrain from imposing penalties that infringe constitutional rights. The investigation involves two stages of analysis. First, the thesis examines the socio-historical context in which the practice of punishment evolved in England, South Africa and Nigeria in order to unveil how evolving concepts about punishment regulate or fail to regulate penal severity. Secondly, the thesis examined the normative basis of sentencing in South Africa and Nigeria, both of which are constitutional democracies and former English colonies. The analysis leads to two critical findings. First, Nigeria lacks the rich tapestry of constitutional jurisprudence that South African Courts have developed around punishment. Secondly, neither South Africa nor Nigeria has a structured system for rationalising sentencing discretion, with the result that sentencing can lead to widely disparate and disproportionate outcomes in both countries. The thesis thus proposes that Nigeria adopts constitutional provisions that restrain penal severity, and that it harmonise its pluralistic penal system, scrutinise statutory penalties in the light of constitutional norms, and, drawing on practices in England, develop guidelines that enhance proportionality and parsimony in sentencing

Student Comments

Comments on court cases by Jon R. Robinson, Leslie L. Clune, Joanne M. Frasca, Timothy J. McDevitt, Thomas Stalzer, Susan Finneran, William J. Brooks, III, Richard James Annen, Patricia S. Higgins, Jane M. Grote, Martin J. Hagan, Roger P. Balog, Bruce Meagher, Joseph L. Baldino, John E. Glennon, John Gaal, Joseph V. Rizzi, and Michael T. Bierman

Pastoral roles of the Jacobean episcopate in Canterbury province

This thesis investigates the theory and practice of episcopal government in the English Church between 1603 and 1625. The source material consists of the records of seventeen diocesan archives in the province of Canterbury, in conjunction with primary printed and manuscript sources, such as sermons, theological treatises and polemics, and, where appropriate, the records of central ecclesiastical and secular government. It is proposed that the dominant image and practice was of the bishop as preaching pastor. The exemplar of the Apostolic bishop, which was set out in Pauline writings, could not be easily adapted to the realities of seventeenth century church government. Not merely had the episcopal office accumulated a series of non-pastoral functions, but its government also had a primarily judicial character. Nevertheless it is argued that, as a group the Jacobean episcopate managed to incorporate many aspects of the Pastoral ideal of St. Paul into their diocesan rule. Most bishops resided in their sees, attended their visitations in person, took a part in the running of their consistory courts, preached fairly regularly and supervised the clergy entrusted to their care. Extraneous circumstances helped to provide the right conditions in which this pastoral government could flourish. The divisive issue of ceremonial nonconformity, which could so easily sour relations between the bishop and his flock was largely stilled by James I's accommodating attitude to 'moderate' nonconformists and the consequent de facto toleration of occasional conformity. The King also supported the proselytising mission of the Church, and he restrained the hostility of Arminian prelates both to excessive preaching and to ceremonial nonconformity. This thesis, in short, seeks to demonstrate the strength and vitality of the Pastoral ideal among the Jacobean episcopate