174 research outputs found
Differential Fault Analysis on A.E.S.
We explain how a differential fault analysis (DFA) works on AES 128, 192 or 256 bits
First record of carbonates with spherulites and cone-in-cone structures from the Precambrian of Arctic Norway, and their palaeoenvironmental significance
Accepted manuscript version, licensed CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We report for the first time carbonates from the upper Ediacaran sedimentary succession of Finnmark, Arctic Norway. Carbonates occur as calcareous siliciclastic beds, lenses, and concretions, some with calcite spherulites and cone-in-cone (CIC) calcite, in a mudrock to fine-grained sandstone succession from approximately 3β―m to 26β―m above the base of the 2nd cycle of the Manndrapselva Member of the StΓ‘hpogieddi Formation (Vestertana Group). They occur c. 40β―m below the EdiacaranβCambrian boundary, which is well defined by trace fossils. Thin-section petrography and scanning micro X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping reveal a layered composition of the calcareous sedimentary rocks. In some of those, well-developed nested cones of CIC calcite form the outer layer. Thin clay coatings outline individual cones. The inner layers are composed of (1) carbonate with calcite spherulites (grainstone) and (2) thinly laminated fine-grained calcareous siliciclastics (mudstone and wackestone) indicated by elevated concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, and Ti. The inner siliciclastic layers contain framboidal pyrite and probably organic matter. Formation of calcite spherulites took place probably at the sedimentβwater interface either in a coastal littoral environment or in situ in the sublittoral zone under high alkaline conditions whereas CIC calcite formed during burial diagenesis and clearly in pre-Caledonian time before metamorphism and cleavage formation. This new record of carbonates with calcite spherulites and CIC structures from the Ediacaran of Arctic Norway adds to their rare occurrences in the geological record
A late Caledonian tectono-thermal event in the Gaissa Nappe Complex, Arctic Norway: evidence from fine-fraction KβAr dating and illite crystallinity from the Digermulen Peninsula
This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in GFF on 03 Oct 2019, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2019.1583685.Fine-fraction KβAr dating and illite crystallinity determination were applied on a peculiar pale olive green shale sample from the upper Ediacaran Indreelva Member (StΓ‘hpogieddi Formation, Vestertana Group, Gaissa Nappe Complex) of the Digermulen Peninsula in Finnmark, Arctic Norway, to constrain the age and metamorphic conditions of tectono-thermal overprint. The <2 and <0.2 Β΅m grain-size fractions are almost purely illite and yielded an illite crystallinity (expressed as the KΓΌbler index) of 0.215 ΞΒ° 2ΞΈ and 0.228 βΒ° 2ΞΈ and KβAr ages of 403.9 Β± 4.2 and 391.5 Β± 4.0 Ma, respectively. The KβAr ages are interpreted to present late-stage thermal overprint under low epizonal conditions along a localised shear zone, likely post-dating the peak of metamorphism and cleavage generation on the Digermulen Peninsula. Thus, a later tectono-metamorphic event related to the late stage of the Scandian orogeny is locally recorded in the Gaissa Nappe Complex of the Caledonides of Finnmark. This late Scandian event was probably caused by orogenic extensional collapse and appears to have extended at least into Mid-Devonian time
Integrated Evaluation Platform for Secured Devices
International audienceIn this paper, we describe the structure of a FPGAsmart card emulator. The aim of such an emulator is to improvethe behaviour of the whole architecture when faults occur. Withinthis card, an embedded Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)protected against DFA is inserted as well as a fault injectionblock. We also present the microprocessor core which controlsthe whole card
Secure Autonomous UAVs Fleets by Using New Specific Embedded Secure Elements
International audienc
Rare earth elements and neodymium and strontium isotopic constraints on provenance switch and post-depositional alteration of fossiliferous Ediacaran and lowermost Cambrian strata from Arctic Norway.
The Digermulen Peninsula in northeastern Finnmark, Arctic Norway, comprises one of the most complete
EdiacaranβCambrian transitions worldwide with a nearly continuous record of micro- and macrofossils from the
interval of the diversification of complex life. Here, we report on the provenance and post-depositional alteration
of argillaceous mudstones from the Digermulen Peninsula using rare earth elements and SmβNd and RbβSr
isotopic systematics to provide an environmental context and better understand this important transition in
Earthβs history. The studied sections comprise a mid-Ediacaran glacialβinterglacial cycle, including the Nyborg
Formation (ca. 590 Ma) and Mortensnes Formation (related to the ca. 580 Ma-old Gaskiers glaciation), and the
Stahpogieddi Β΄ Formation (ca. 560β537 Ma), which yields Ediacara-type fossils in the Indreelva Member and
contains the EdiacaranβCambrian boundary interval in the Manndrapselva Member and basal part of the
informal Lower Breidvika member (ca. 537β530 Ma). Three sample groups, (1) Nyborg and Mortensnes formations, (2) the lowermost five samples from the Indreelva Member and (3) the remaining samples from the
Indreelva as well as from the Manndrapselva and Lower Breidvika members, can be distinguished, belonging to
distinct depositional units. All samples have negative Ξ΅Nd(T) values (β 6.00 to β 21.04) indicating a dominant
input of terrigenous detritus with an old continental crust affinity. Significant shifts in SmβNd isotope values are
related to changes in the sediment source, i.e. Svecofennian province vs Karelian province vs Svecofennian
province plus in addition likely some juvenile (late Neoproterozoic volcanic) material, and probably reflect
palaeotectonic reorganisation along the Iapetus-facing margin of Baltica. The combined RbβSr isotopic data of all
samples yield an errorchron age of about 430 Ma reflecting the resetting of the RbβSr whole-rock isotope systems
of the mudstones during the Scandian tectono-metamorphic event in the Gaissa Nappe Complex of Finnmark.
Preservation of palaeopascichnids coincides with the sedimentation regimes of sample groups 2 and 3 while
other Ediacara-type fossils, e.g. Aspidella-type and frondose forms, are limited to the sample group 3. Our results
are similar to those of earlier studies from the East European Platform in suggesting oxic seafloor conditions
during the late Ediacaran
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π² Π½Π° Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ HMAC ΠΈ NMAC
One of the important problems arising in designing and practical implementation of cryptosystems is provide countermeasures against side-channel attacks. When implemented on a specific physical device, the algorithms, strength of which from the purely mathematical point of view is without great doubt, often employ weaknesses to such attacks.A fault analysis attack is one of the options of the side-channel attack on a cryptosystem. Its essence is that the attacker has an active influence on a physical device that provides computation (for example, a smart card). Faults caused by influence are then analysed in order to restore security information that is stored inside the device. These attacks are often significantly more efficient than passive side-channel attacks.The fault analysis attacks were proposed over 20 years ago. Since then, attacks have been successfully built owing to implementation of a number of symmetric and asymmetric crypto-algorithms. Also, a number of different methods for active influence on computation have been proposed, using specific physical effects and characteristics of the computing environment. Approaches to counteracting such types of attacks are also actively developing. For this, both physical and purely mathematical methods are used. However, it should be noted that cryptographic hash functions, and more complex crypto-schemes containing them as components (for example, some message authentication codes and digital signatures), are slightly presented in these papers.It is important to note that practical implementation of a specific attack requires that a combination of the following factors is available: a possibility of a specific physical impact on computation, an adequate mathematical model of such physical impact and a purely mathematical component of the attack that is a specific algorithms for introducing faults and further analysis of the results. At the same time, the solution of each of these problems separately is of independent theoretical value.The paper results do not involve the physical component of attack, aiming only at mathematics. In other words, a proposal is to present the specific algorithms for introducing faults and further analysis of the results. In this case, a specific fault model is considered known and specified. Several such models have been considered, based on the similar ones previously proposed for other algorithms.As an object of study, two standards to form message authentication codes have been selected: HMAC and NMAC. These standards can be based on any cryptographic hash function that provides the required level of security. The paper examines four examples of widely used hashes: MD5, MD4, SHA-1, SHA-0.The main results of the paper are as follows:- built specific algorithms for introducing faults in computation and their further analysis, allowing to discover secret information (secret keys);- finding and validation of estimates of such attacks (in terms of the number of introduced faults and the work factor of further analysis) for various combinations of parameters (algorithms and fault models);Β - shown that attacks timing can be reasonable.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅.ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ.ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄. Π‘ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ), Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ --ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ
, ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ².Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ: HMAC ΠΈ NMAC. Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ: MD5, MD4, SHA-1, SHA-0.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅:-Β Β Β Β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈ);-Β Β Β Β Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ (Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°) Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²(Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π²);-Β Β Β Β ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
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