An investigation into LandXML for implementation of 3D Cadastre in eSurvey

With the rapid growth of urban environments including the increasing complexity of infrastructures, there is an urgent need to develop more innovative and efficient land administration systems. Many countries, including Australia, are now developing and implementing three dimensional (3D) cadastral frameworks to address these situations, but capturing and registering these rights within existing systems brings considerable challenges. In Australia, the existing approach of registering 3D rights and storing partial geometry in databases does not support 3D functionalities such as 3D validation, query, visualisation, and manipulation. The existing Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) does not support the storage of 3D data. There is also no digital lodgement of 3D cadastral, and no automated validation (Karki, 2013). The Intergovernmental Committee of Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has endorsed LandXML as the national standard for digital lodgement of cadastral plans. LandXML is an extensible mark-up language (XML) package which can be used for exchanging spatial information. In Queensland Surveying information is captured digitally using tools built in-house, such as the Surveying Information Processing (SIP) tool which is based on LandXML and is used to electronically capture a paper based cadastral plans. The Electronic Access for Registry Lodgement (eSurvey, previously called EARL) project is developed and run by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM) and it has three stages namely eSurvey-I, eSurvey-II, and eSurvey-III. The eSurvey Services Portal allows users to submit, validate and visualise survey data via Web Services. eSurvey-I developed a tool for internal DNRM use to digitally capture the information on a survey plan. eSurvey-II has developed a validation tool that will be applied to Cadastral Information Files (CIFs) that are submitted to the Department by external surveyors as a component of the digital lodgement of survey plans process. eSurvey-III will be the full digital lodgement and implementation of electronic capture and visualisation of 3D cadastral data where the digital files become the legal document. The objective of this research is to explore the capability of LandXML for the definition of 3D spatial objects within the eSurvey project for 3D Cadastre development in Queensland. An overview of 3D Cadastre and characteristics of eSurvey, volumetric plans and LandXML were reviewed. Two representative cases from Queensland digital cadastral database were selected and examined using three standard CAD software and eSurvey web portal and Queensland DCDB standards. This study shows that eSurvey can successfully validate LandXML files

Developing a 3D Digital Cadastral Survey System for New Zealand

New Zealand currently has a world-class property rights system that underpins the delivery of social, economic, and cultural benefits. This system comprises a land tenure system to provide certainty about property rights and a supporting cadastral survey system to provide certainty about the spatial extent of those rights. However, there is an increasing concern that New Zealand’s property rights system will not continue to be optimal in the future. A significant contributing factor to this concern is the inability of the cadastral survey system to handle three-dimensional (3D) information defining the spatial extents of property rights in a digital environment. The development of 3D cadastral survey systems is the subject of a substantial body of international research and discussion. Despite this, no country in the world has successfully implemented a fully functioning 3D digital cadastral survey system. Also, while New Zealand has an interest in developing a 3D digital cadastral survey system, there is no substantive local research on the matter. The research undertaken as part of this thesis will contribute to the literature by providing a New Zealand perspective on developing such a system and will also feed into the development of New Zealand’s cadastral survey system. This research explores New Zealand’s current cadastral survey system and considers the motivation for its enhancement. The literature supporting international research and development is evaluated to determine the characteristics, opportunities, issues and approaches associated with developing a cadastral survey system with 3D digital capabilities. A preferred approach to a 3D digital cadastral survey system is established and then developed at a conceptual level after it was found that an internationally standardised approach was inadequate

Digital plan lodgement and dissemination

In Australia, in recent years there has been increasing demand for more streamlined lodgement of cadastral plans and for their later dissemination. There are a number of approaches to meeting this demand, one of which is developed in detail in this dissertation. The current status of digital lodgement and Digital Cadastral Databases (DCDB) throughout Australia and New Zealand is reviewed. Each of the states and territories in Australia and also New Zealand are examined, looking at the process involved in the lodgement of survey plans and the state of the DCDB in each jurisdiction. From this examination the key issues in digital lodgement and dissemination are extracted and a needs analysis for an Australia-wide generic system is carried out. This needs analysis is directed at technological change allied with sound cadastral principles. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is considered for the storage and transport of all the required data and to facilitate the dissemination of information over the Internet. The benefits of using XML are comprehensive, leading to its selection and the use of related technologies LandXML, Extensible Structured Query Language (XSQL) and Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). Vector graphics are introduced as the means to display plans and maps on the Internet. A number of vector standards and Web mapping solutions are compared to determine the most suitable for this project. A new standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), is chosen. A prototype Web interface and the underlying database and Web server were developed using Oracle as the database and Apache as the Web server. Each aspect of the development is described, starting with the installation and configuration of the database, the Web server and the XSQL servlet. Testing was undertaken using LandXML cadastral data and displaying plans using SVG. Both Internet Explorer and Mozilla were trialled as the Web browser, with Mozilla being chosen because of incompatibilities between Internet Explorer, LandXML and SVG. An operational pilot was created. At this stage it requires manual intervention to centre and maximise a plan in the display area. The result indicates that an automated system is feasible and this dissertation provides a basis for further development by Australian land administration organisations

Developing Serbian 3D Cadastre System - Challenges and Directions

The real estate cadastre in the Republic of Serbia is based on 2D cadastral maps and procedures that do not support unequivocal registration and visualization of complex 3D property situations or complex objects located on/below several parcels, especially in urban areas. Within this study, we analyzed and documented specific situations concerning registration challenges for the current cadastral system in the Republic of Serbia.Furthermore, the analysis of additional functionalities which will enable overcoming the limitations of the current cadastre in the short to the medium-termtime period is represented. Themain objective is to use the current cadastral data and procedures as far as possible in order to keep the transition smoother and economicallyfeasible. Having in mindthis objective,thevariation ofthe hybridapproach as the solution for Serbian 3D real estate cadastrewas analyzed. One of the preliminary assumptions of this research is that it is possible to develop a systemthat is simple enoughforimplementationand maintenance,but at the same comprehensive enough to overcome the difficulties ofthe current real estate cadastre.Within the case study,3D objects based ondata currently provided by licensed surveying agenciesare presented

Developing Serbian 3D Cadastre System - Challenges and Directions

The real estate cadastre in the Republic of Serbia is based on 2D cadastral maps and procedures that do not support unequivocal registration and visualization of complex 3D property situations or complex objects located on/below several parcels, especially in urban areas. Within this study, we analyzed and documented specific situations concerning registration challenges for the current cadastral system in the Republic of Serbia.Furthermore, the analysis of additional functionalities which will enable overcoming the limitations of the current cadastre in the short to the medium-termtime period is represented. Themain objective is to use the current cadastral data and procedures as far as possible in order to keep the transition smoother and economicallyfeasible. Having in mindthis objective,thevariation ofthe hybridapproach as the solution for Serbian 3D real estate cadastrewas analyzed. One of the preliminary assumptions of this research is that it is possible to develop a systemthat is simple enoughforimplementationand maintenance,but at the same comprehensive enough to overcome the difficulties ofthe current real estate cadastre.Within the case study,3D objects based ondata currently provided by licensed surveying agenciesare presented

Developing Serbian 3D Cadastre System - Challenges and Directions

The real estate cadastre in the Republic of Serbia is based on 2D cadastral maps and procedures that do not support unequivocal registration and visualization of complex 3D property situations or complex objects located on/below several parcels, especially in urban areas. Within this study, we analyzed and documented specific situations concerning registration challenges for the current cadastral system in the Republic of Serbia.Furthermore, the analysis of additional functionalities which will enable overcoming the limitations of the current cadastre in the short to the medium-termtime period is represented. Themain objective is to use the current cadastral data and procedures as far as possible in order to keep the transition smoother and economicallyfeasible. Having in mindthis objective,thevariation ofthe hybridapproach as the solution for Serbian 3D real estate cadastrewas analyzed. One of the preliminary assumptions of this research is that it is possible to develop a systemthat is simple enoughforimplementationand maintenance,but at the same comprehensive enough to overcome the difficulties ofthe current real estate cadastre.Within the case study,3D objects based ondata currently provided by licensed surveying agenciesare presented

Investigation of data models and related requirements affecting the implementation of a multipurpose cadastre system in Malaysia

One aim of this study was to investigate the state of development of multipurpose cadastre systems (MPCs) internationally, and, based on the findings to design a multipurpose cadastre data model enhancing the current cadastre system in Malaysia. A second aim was to determine the organizational and legal requirements for implementing a multipurpose cadastre system, within the current Malaysian context. As a final aim, the service oriented architecture (SOA) concept was examined to investigate how it might support the storage, maintenance and delivery of the different layers of data found in an MPC. The data model and service oriented architecture were developed using Oracle Spatial technologies and the SQL language. Sample data from the national digital cadastre database, utility data and topographic mapping data from Malaysia were used in the case study. The investigation enabled data from various agencies to be integrated into a single multipurpose cadastre database in the Oracle Spatial database environment, and a case study of an easement as a legal land object was executed. It was discovered that it was beneficial to show the complete legal situation of a parcel compared to the previous system where the user had to manually search for legal documents and deal with the ambiguous locations of legal land objects. The results of the SOA investigation showed that the application of the SOA concept to the construction of an MPC database will require extensive IT investment, especially a high specification server, but it is expected to reduce redundancy in data collection and processing and reduce the costs. The study also showed that existing legislation in the National Land Code 1965 should be amended. The principal conclusion is that an open source system should be adopted before any further investment in IT software and hardware is made. Another conclusion is that a multipurpose cadastre system has to be managed by personnel highly trained in spatial, programming and IT competencies. An open source system combined with the SOA concept seems the best option if a multipurpose cadastre system is to contribute to the sustainable management of land resources within a rapidly developing Malaysia

Towards a framework for the integration of data and data sources in the automation and dematerialisation of land administration systems

The South African property process is cumbersome, tedious, and complex mainly since it is a manual paper-based system that involves numerous activities of many disparate firms and organisations in the private sector as well as business processes of regulatory agencies, public sectors departments and other institutions. Although much effort had been made by private organisations to automate pockets of the process, the integration efforts are still founded in paper documents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conveyancing end-to-end process in South Africa in order to develop a conceptual framework that could be used to eliminate paper and dematerialise the land registration process. The study was guided by the following research question: How can the end-to-end property transfer process be integrated among the different role players to dematerialise property transfers? Seated in the interpretative paradigm, an exploratory study was undertaken. The study followed a multidisciplinary approach which incorporated aspects of records management, supply chain management, land administration management, information technology and payment systems. Nineteen in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with major organisations and societies (i.e. stakeholders) involved in property exchanges in South Africa. These included the South African Reserve Bank, The South African Deeds Registry, National Treasury, The Law Society of South Africa, The Surveyor General and various vendors which operate within the property sphere. These interviews were analysed using content analysis, and documentary evidence were used to triangulate the data collected. The study revealed that private organisations and banks are more ready to embrace dematerialisation than governmental institutions. The main findings of the study were that a need existed for the integration of information and data from the onset of the property application, dematerialisation in addition to digitisation should be incorporated into e-DRS, there is a need for a centralised information sharing capability, same-day, irrevocable payments must be implemented and biometric information can be used to validate parties involved in each transaction. The findings were used to develop a framework for a dematerialised electronic deeds registration in South Africa, which were further generalised for use in other industries. It is recommended that key supply chain partners are integrated into a land administration system that is hosted by the deeds office. This study is of value to all organisations involved in the property land management administration processes, both in a private and governmental capacity, as well as indigenous tribunals. Recommendations for future studies were made