Sähkönsiirtoverkko-omaisuuden kunnonvalvontajärjestelmä Esineiden Internet -alustalla

Fingrid is making the transition from time-based maintenance to condition-based maintenance in order to increase the cost-efficiency of substation asset condition management and to prevent equipment failures. Digitalization improves real-time visibility to asset condition as Fingrid is developing an Internet of Things (IoT) concept for online asset condition monitoring. The objective of this Thesis was to specify Fingrid's requirements for asset condition data visualization in an Asset Performance Management (APM) application. A secondary objective was to document Fingrid's IoT concept and existing condition monitoring practices. Asset maintenance strategies, digitalization and Internet of Things were discussed as a background. For the IoT data of switchgear, simple illustrations of dashboards were drawn to show how the data could be visualized in an APM application. Regarding power transformers, the necessary basic elements for condition data visualization were reviewed. Specifications for visualization of all the available condition data were listed in Appendices. Online condition monitoring is currently concentrated on switchgear, power transformers and substation buildings. The IoT solution for switchgear consists of low-cost sensor units installed in switchgear control cabinets and bay marshalling cabinets. Power transformers are equipped with online DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) instruments which is a well-established practice. In substation buildings, the climate is monitored with low-cost IoT sensors. The conclusion of the study was that there are two types of condition data that determine Fingrid's requirements for data visualization in an APM application: time series data and event data. Monitoring of continuous processes produces a large amount of continuous time series data. A tool with efficient functionalities for time series data presentation and analysis is needed. Switchgear operations and oil sampling produce event data that require visualization in forms of data reporting and special analyses. The amount of event data is small even though it will increase due to IoT.Fingrid on siirtymässä aikaperusteisesta sähköasemien kunnossapidosta kuntoperusteiseen kunnossapitoon kustannustehokkuuden parantamiseksi ja laitevikojen ennalta ehkäisemiseksi. Reaaliaikaista näkyvyyttä omaisuuden kuntoon parannetaan kehittämällä "Esineiden Internet" (\textit{engl. Internet of Things, IoT}) -konsepti omaisuuden käytönaikaiseen kunnonvalvontaan. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli laatia määrittelyt kunnonvalvontadatan visualisoinnille omaisuuden kunnonvalvontajärjestelmässä. Toisena tavoitteena oli dokumentoida Fingridin IoT-konsepti ja käytössä olevat perinteiset kunnonvalvontamenetelmät. Taustana työlle esiteltiin omaisuuden kunnonhallintamalleja, digitalisaatiota ja Esineiden Internetiä. Kytkinlaitteiden IoT-datan visualisoinnin tarpeiden hahmottamiseksi laadittiin luonnoksia kunnonvalvontajärjestelmän näkymistä. Muuntajien kunnonvalvonnan tarpeelliset osa-alueet kunnonvalvontajärjestelmässä käytiin läpi käytössä olevia ratkaisuja tutkimalla. Määrittelyt kaiken käytettävissä olevan kunnonvalvontadatan visualisoinnille listattiin työn liitteissä. Käytönaikainen kunnonvalvonta keskittyy tällä hetkellä kytkinlaitteisiin, muuntajiin ja sähköasemarakennuksiin. Kytkinlaitteiden IoT-ratkaisu koostuu kytkinlaitteen ohjainkaappiin sekä kytkinkentän jakokaappiin asennetuista kustannustehokkaista sensoriyksiköistä. Muuntajat on varustettu jatkuva-aikaisella vikakaasujen seurannalla, mikä on toimivaksi todettu ja vakiintunut kunnonvalvontamenetelmä. Asemarakennusten olosuhteita valvotaan huoneisiin sijoitetuilla IoT-sensoriyksiköillä. Työn johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta kunnonvalvontadatan jakaantuvan pääasiassa kahteen muotoon, jotka määrittelevät Fingridin tarpeet kunnonvalvontajärjestelmälle. Jatkuva-aikaisten prosessien valvonta tuottaa suuren määrän jatkuvaa aikasarjadataa, minkä vuoksi tehokkaat työkalut aikasarjadatan esittämiselle ovat tarpeen. Kytkinlaitteiden ohjaukset ja muuntajien öljynäytteet puolestaan tuottavat tapahtumaperusteista dataa, jonka visualisointi muistuttaa datan raportointimenetelmiä. Tarvitaan erilaisia datan esitystapoja ja mukautettuja analysointimenetelmiä. Tapahtumadatan määrä on pieni siitä huolimatta, että sen määrä kasvaa huomattavasti IoT:n myötä

Using process data in condition based maintenance

Electricity plays a major role in today’s society and it is being taken for granted. For Electricity Network Company it is important that distribution of electricity is safe and disturbance free. Networks components faults will cause costs because compensation of disturbances is paid for the customers. For this reason it is important to minimize unplanned interruptions and optimize equipment performance. Network assets condition monitoring has an important role in the whole electricity network company’s operations so that investments timing and network assets lifetime can be optimize. The objective in maintenance is to maintain electricity network performance as high as possible. Its purpose is maintaining reliability, guarantee safety, prevent disturbances and repair noticed failures as fast as possible with optimal costs. Maintenance can be divided into preventative maintenance and corrective maintenance. In preventative maintenance the aim is to prevent failures and it can be performed either time based or condition based. Efficient maintenance is based on condition inspections when condition monitoring of components can be used to optimize its lifetime and maintenance costs. Networks components can be also overhauled in certain time intervals but then unnecessary investments are possible. The objective of this thesis is to clarify how condition based maintenance can be implemented more efficiently by using available network information. Appropriate would be that the resources could be used to necessary overhauls and not to inspections. For this purpose failure development is explained. Also insights are given on how to improve maintenance. The primary substations transformer, circuit breakers and protection relays has presented manners how their condition could be estimated without visiting the substation. The basis has been conveying data from primary substation and modern numeric relay possibilities to operate as data collectors. Today ICT-technology enables gathering of diverse data from the electricity networks. Telecommunications make it possible to transmit information however for this purpose it is necessary to develop a system which can analyse and restore this data. This thesis presents potential structures for system infrastructure and database which could be practical. Intention is that system would not only serve maintenance but would also make possible to implement future smart grid technologies. /Kir1

Applying an analytical framework to production process improvement

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 74).As the medium voltage switchgear industry moves from air insulated to gas insulated technology, Siemens Frankfurt factory is introducing a new gas insulated product line that will improve their relative market position. It is their intent to design a product and supporting production system that will enable substantial cost and lead time reduction over existing Siemens gas insulated switchgear products. This thesis outlines a framework for analyzing the existing production process from 'customer order to customer delivery', identifying areas of opportunity, valuing projects aimed at achieving these opportunities, and prioritizing highest value projects for implementation. To provide a rigorous analytical approach to project selection, it was important to rethink existing ways of valuing inventory holding costs, material handling costs, and lead time. By uncovering hidden costs and benefits for each, projects that otherwise seemed unattractive become important to achieving overall factory objectives. Conversely, other projects that had been historically pushed by factory leadership were shown to generate little overall return on investment.(cont.) By using the approach outlined in this thesis, improved alignment was achieved across departments on several high value projects. This alignment positioned the factory to move forward with plans for successful implementation. It is the authors' hope that Frankfurt not only finalizes implementation of high value projects identified during this analysis, but also use the framework provided for future analysis and continued improvement.by Curtis J. Underwood & Jacob R. Wood.S.M.M.B.A

Emerging technologies and future trends in substation automation systems for the protection, monitoring and control of electrical substations

Tese de Mestrado Integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Automação). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

Online circuit breaker monitoring system

Circuit breakers are used in a power system to break or make current flow through power system apparatus. Reliable operation of circuit breakers is very important to the well-being of the power system. Historically this is achieved by regular inspection and maintenance of the circuit breakers. An automated online circuit breaker monitoring system is proposed to monitor condition, operation and status of high and medium voltage circuit breakers. By tracking equipment condition, this system could be used to perform maintenance only when it is needed. This could decrease overall maintenance cost and increase equipment reliability. Using high accurate time synchronization, this system should enable development of system-wide applications that utilize the data recorded by the system. This makes possible tracking sequence of events and making conclusions about their effect on-line. This solution also enables reliable topology analysis, which can be used to improve power flow analysis, state estimation and alarm processing

Asset Management in Electricity Transmission Utilities: Investigation into Factors Affecting and their Impact on the Network

This thesis draws on techniques from Management Science and Artificial Intelligence to explore asset management in electricity transmission enterprises. In this research, factors that influence policies and practices of asset management within electricity transmission enterprises have been identified, in order to examine their interaction and how they impact the policies, practices and performance of transmission businesses. It has been found that, while there is extensive literature on the economics of transmission regulation and pricing, there is little published research linking the engineering and financial aspects of transmission asset management at a management policy level. To remedy this situation, this investigation has drawn on a wide range of literature, together with expert interviews and personal knowledge of the electricity industry, to construct a conceptual model of asset management with broad applicability across transmission enterprises in different parts of the world. A concise representation of the model has been formulated using a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). To investigate the interactions between factors of influence it is necessary to implement the model and validate it against known outcomes. However, because of the nature of the data (a mix of numeric and non-numeric data, imprecise, incomplete and often approximate) and complexity and imprecision in the definition of relationships between elements, this problem is intractable to modelling by traditional engineering methodologies. The solution has been to utilise techniques from other disciplines. Two implementations have been explored: a multi-level fuzzy rule-based model and a system dynamics model; they offer different but complementary insights into transmission asset management. Each model shows potential to be used by transmission businesses for strategic-level decision support. The research demonstrates the key impact of routine maintenance effectiveness on the condition and performance of transmission system assets. However, performance of the transmission network, is not only related to equipment performance, but is a function of system design and operational aspects, such as loading and load factor. Type and supportiveness of regulation, together with the objectives and corporate culture of the transmission organisation also play roles in promoting various strategies for asset management. The cumulative effect of all these drivers is to produce differences in asset management policies and practices, discernable between individual companies and at a regional level, where similar conditions have applied historically and today

DEMSEE (2007: Istanbul)

It is true that Electricity is a pillar for our present Civilization and Culture. One should also recognize that Electricity is the finest useable form of Energy and therefore the most precious. Deregulation of Electricity Markets aims ultimately to make almost everyone responsible for the way electricity is generated, distributed and used. It aims to let fair market rules result in a Market Operation that will advance this sense of responsibility for everybody. This is particularly important in view of the present delicate state of the Environment which should for Humanity’s sake be preserved, at all costs. And indeed, we are lucky in the sense that the current Information Technologies and Information and Communication Technology will allow us to live up to our responsibilities concerning rational electricity usage as well as the preservation of the environment. However, a strong, wide and lasting commitment is necessary, i.e. political will by every nation, to achieve progress with respect of the environment. ...ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY: THE ENGINEERING CHALLENGES AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF CIGRE / Jean KOWAL, 1 -- SUBSIDIES IN WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY MARKET / Osman SEVAİOĞLU, 8 -- GASEOUS DIELECTRICS IN POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION / Loucas G. CHRISTOPHOROU, 13 -- INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POWER SYSTEM SECURITY ISSUES IN A LIBERALIZED ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE (SEE) -- Evangelos LEKATSAS, 20 / NATURAL HAZARDS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY PRODUCTION -- Menas KAFATOS, 27 / EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENT KIT STUDIES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES -- Özcan ATLAM, 32 / AN EFFECTIVE SET OF I.C.T. TOOLS FOR TEACHING & LEARNING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS (RES) -- S. KAPLANIS, E. KAPLANI, 41 / A GIS WEB – APPLICATION FOR POWER SYSTEM OF CRETE -- J. SYLLIGNAKIS, C. ADAMAKIS, T.M. PAPAZOGLOU, 48 / DIAGNOSTIC REVIEW OF A BLACKOUT IN RHODES -- T. M. PAPAZOGLOU, E.J. THALASSINAKIS, C. TSICHLAKIS, N.D. HATZIARGYRIOU, 55 / REAL-TIME TRANSFORMER DYNAMIC LOADING APPLICATION-IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICAL USE -- S. KRSTONIJEVIĆ, N. ČUKALEVSKI, G. JAKUPOVIĆ, N. DAMJANOVIĆ, S. CVETIĆANIN, 62 / A COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE RATIO OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AT DIFFERENT TILT ANGLES -- E. DRAKAKIS, F. MAVROMATAKIS, Y. RANGHIADAKIS, P. TZANETAKIS and I. FRAGIADAKIS, 69 / ON THE MAXIMIZATION OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF A PV PLANT -- S. KAPLANIS, E. KAPLANI, 75 / INTEGRATED SOFTWARE, FOR IMPULSE VOLTAGES ESTIMATION, IN HIGH VOLTAGE NETWORKS WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION -- Stavros LAZAROU, Eleftheria PYRGIOTI, Dimosthenes AGORIS, 83 / NEW 400 kV INTERCONECTION OHL KOSOVO - ALBANIA AND TRANSMISSION NETWORK CONCEPT OF KOSOVO -- S. LIMARI1, K. BAKIC, K. ROBO, L. AHMA, 92 / DEREGULATED ELECTRICITY MARKET IN SOUTH – EASTERN EUROPE: ACTIVE NETWORKS -- Venizelos EFTHYMIOU, 102 / CO2 EMISSIONS FROM THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS IN CRETE – GREECE -- John VOURDOUBAS, Antonios PITARIDAKIS, Charalampos LITOS, 109 / SURVEY OF POWER EXCHANGES – ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES -- O. GJERDE, O.B. FOSSO, 1J. BOGAS, 114 / FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND ANALYSIS IT SUBSYSTEM FOR a TSO’s CONTROL CENTRE: ARCHITECTURE AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH ITS USE -- Goran JAKUPOVIĆ, Ninel ČUKALEVSKI, Nikola OBRADOVIĆ, 121 / MARIN POLLUTION AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE RTV SILICON COATINGS IN CRETAN POWER SYSTEM -- Emmanuel J. THALASSINAKIS, 128 / MONTE CARLO PROCEDURES FOR SIMULATING REAL TIME CONTINGENCES AND SETTING OPTIMAL REDISPATCHING STRATEGIES IN MULTI-AREA SYSTEMS -- S. BENINI, A. LEONI, P. PELACCHI, D. POLI, 136 / COMPARING DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO SOLVE THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEM CONSIDERING HYDRO-PUMPED STORAGE STATIONS -- Yiannis A. KATSIGIANNIS, Emmanuel S. KARAPIDAKIS, 147 / ROOF INTEGRATED SOLAR PARABOLIC COLLECTORS SIMULATION ANALYSIS -- G. BARAKOS, S. KAPLANIS, M. PETRAKIS, A. SPYROGIANNOULAS, 154 / THE ROLE OF A POWER EXCHANGE FOR ENERGY TRADING AND POWER GENERATION INVESTMENT -- Bakatjan SANDALKHAN, 161 / HEURISTIC BASED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR EXCITATION CONTROL FOR USE IN A DEREGULATED ENVIRONMENT OF ISLAND POWER SYSTEMS -- Yannis L. KARNAVAS, Nicolaos P. POLYZOS, 169 / INNOVATIVE EDUCATION, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES AT THE ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY OF CYPRUS -- George ASHIKALIS, 177 / WIND FARMS EXPERIENCE IN CRETE ISLAND -- Antiopi GIGANTIDOU, Ioannis STEFANAKIS, N.D. HATZIARGYRIOU, 186 / PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE AS A NEW TECHNOLOGY ENABLING ELECTRONIC AUCTIONS USED IN THE CONTEXT OF ELECTRICITY MARKET RESTRUCTURING: AN ASPECT OF THE COMPLEX GLOBAL ECONOMY -- John K. SAKELLARIS, 195 / THE LIBERALIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER MARKET IN SOUTH – EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN -- Dimitris SARRIS, 202 / DETERMINATION OF COST STAGES OF TRANSMISSION LINE PRODUCTS FROM LONDON METAL EXCHANGE TO FINAL CONSUMER -- Sedat KARABAY, Ahmet ŞEN, 205 / NON-INTRUSIVE, ON-LINE RESIDENTAL METERING BASED ON BROADBAND COMMUNICATION -- Ali İNAN, Themis PAPASTERGIOU, 213 / CONTRIBUTION OF LANDFILL GAS ELECTRICITY GENERATION TO ENERGY BALANCE OF CRETE ISLAND: AN ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE ASSESSMENT USING LEAP MODEL -- A. A. TSAVE, E. S. KARAPIDAKIS, P. M. SOUPIOS, 2181st ed

Effect of water on electrical properties of Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) as electrical insulating material

This paper describes the properties of refined, bleached, deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) as having the potential to be used as insulating liquid. There are several important properties such as electrical breakdown, dielectric dissipation factor, specific gravity, flash point, viscosity and pour point of RBDPO that was measured and compared to commercial mineral oil which is largely in current use as insulating liquid in power transformers. Experimental results of the electrical properties revealed that the average breakdown voltage of the RBDPO sample, without the addition of water at room temperature, is 13.368 kV. The result also revealed that due to effect of water, the breakdown voltage is lower than that of commercial mineral oil (Hyrax). However, the flash point and the pour point of RBDPO is very high compared to mineral oil thus giving it advantageous possibility to be used safely as insulating liquid. The results showed that RBDPO is greatly influenced by water, causing the breakdown voltage to decrease and the dissipation factor to increase; this is attributable to the high amounts of dissolved water