197 research outputs found

    What Does It Mean to Be Black and a Woman? An Investigation of Recollected Racial Socialization Messages and Racial Identity Development on Subjective Gender Role Stress

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    Black American women face unique challenges in their identity development and gender role experiences. Research has explored the impact of racial socialization messages on racial identity development, but there are significant gaps in the literature on how gendered racial socialization messages (i.e., the intersectionality of messages regarding both racial and gender identities; Brown et al., 2017) are associated with Black racial identity and subjective gender role stress (i.e., experiences of stress associated with events related to the female gender role; Shea et al., 2014) in Black women. This current study addresses this gap. A sample of 564 self-identified Black American women, born and raised in the United States, were surveyed to understand recollected gendered racial socialization messages and subjective gender role stress mediated through racial identity. Gendered racial socialization messages that may be deemed healthy in nature were positively and negatively related to the internalization-Afrocentricity and multiculturalist inclusive racial identity statuses but were unrelated to subjective gender role stress. In addition, such messages were positively and negatively related to the pre-encounter racial identity statuses. Unhealthy gendered racial socialization messages were positively and significantly correlated with all pre-encounter racial identity statuses (i.e., pre-encounter assimilation, pre-encounter miseducation, pre-encounter self-hatred) but were not xii associated with subjective gender role stress. In addition, unhealthy messages were also negatively associated with the internalization racial identity statuses. The pre-encounter self-hatred racial identity statuses mediated the effects between gendered racial pride and empowerment and oppression awareness messages (i.e., healthy messages), gendered racial hardship messages (i.e., healthy messages), and internalized generalized oppression messages (i.e., unhealthy messages) and subjective gender role stress. Such findings add significant value to the current body of literature by discussing implications for future research, clinical practice, and limitations

    Intimate Partner Violence in Immigrant and Refugee Communities: Challenges, Promising Practices and Recommendations

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    Reviews research on intimate partner violence in immigrant and refugee communities and examines victims' needs, challenges for agencies, and promising practices for prevention. Makes recommendations for funders, service providers, and policy makers

    Gendered Sexual Health among Men in India

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    Background: The term “men who have sex with men” (MSM) provokes the illusion of sexual risk homogeneity among male sexual minorities. The term overemphasizes a single aspect of sex between men (behavior) and overlooks nuanced factors (such as gender/sexual identity) that affect the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Beyond STIs, the expression of gender/sexual identity has observable traits that predispose non-normative sexual minorities to profiling, discrimination and human rights abuses. In India, three subgroups of male sexual minorities differ in gender/sexual identity. Kothis have effeminate gender expressions and often practice receptive anal sex. Panthis have gender expression that reflect more traditional masculine roles and they tend to practice insertive anal intercourse with other men. The gender expression of Double-Deckers is mixed and situational and they practice both insertive and receptive anal sex depending on the specific situation or sexual partner. Methods: Respondent-Driven Sampling was used to recruit 12,022 men in 12 Indian cities from 9/2012 to 7/2013. In a questionnaire, participants were asked to select their gender/sexual identity from a list of locally recognized identities, including Panthis, Kothis, and Double Deckers. HIV and HSV-2 infection were ascertained using ELISA-based IgG assays. Syphilis was ascertained using standard Treponema (Treponema pallidum haemagglutination) and non-Treponema tests (Rapid Plasma Reagin) tests. Random-effects logistic regression was used for all aims. In aim 1, we estimated the associations between gender/sexual identity and serology-ascertained STIs (HIV, HSV-2, syphilis) as well as self-reported STIs (Hepatitis B, chlamydia, trichomonas, gonorrhea). We also estimated the association between gender/identity and concurrent infections (HIV and HSV-2, HSV-2 and syphilis, HIV and syphilis, HIV/HSV-2/syphilis concurrent infections). Associations were adjusted for age, intercourse type, sex work, number of partners, education, marital status, and circumcision. In aim 2, we estimated the association between gender/sexual identity and outcomes related to human/sexual rights (healthcare refusal, healthcare mistreatment, physical and sexual violence). In aim 3, we analyzed if 3 social stratifiers (age, family income and education) modified selected associations between gender/sexual identity and outcomes estimated in aim 1 and aim 2. Results: The parent trial recruited a total of 12,022 men who self-reported sexual encounters with other men. This analysis was restricted to 9,542 (79.37%) men who self-reported the 3 gender/sexual identities of interest: Kothi, Panthi and Double-Deckers. The mean age was 28.45 years, 33.08% were married, and median age at first intercourse with a man was 18 years. Panthis represented the largest subgroup (32.7%), followed by Kothis (23.5%), and Double Deckers (23.3%). In terms of sexually transmitted infections (aim 1), after adjustment for behavioral and social factors, compared to Panthis, Kothis had higher odds of HIV (OR=2.20; 95% CI=1.60, 3.03), HSV-2 (2.55; 2.04, 3.20), syphilis (2.35; 1.42, 3.90), and coinfections with HIV/HSV2 (2.56; 1.74, 3.75), HIV/syphilis (2.93, 1.17, 7.34), HSV2/syphilis (2.97, 1.58, 5.59) and HIV/HSV-2/syphilis (3.84; 1.40, 10.56). In terms of relative differences in human/sexual rights (aim 2), compared to Panthis, Kothis had higher odds of reporting being frequently mistreated by hospital staff (4.59; 3.54, 5.94), of frequently being refused medical care or denied hospital services (5.08; 3.79, 6.80), of frequently being refused housing (5.49; 4.20, 7.16), history of serious physical violence growing up (6.69; 5.97, 7.49), and history of forced attempts at unwanted sexual activity by an intimate partner (4.11; 3.67, 4.61). In aim 3, the differences in the associations between gender identity and HIV showed modification across strata of age, education and income. Men with high family incomes, high education (or both) had lower odds of HIV but these protective effects were largely limited to younger (not older) Kothis and Panthis. Conclusions: Men of different gender/sexual identities in India belong to heterogeneous subgroups. Kothis had elevated odds of HIV, HSV-2, and syphilis as well as higher odds of concurrent epidemics of these infections. Kothis were predisposed to human/sexual rights violations such as discrimination, physical and sexual violence. Education and income were associated with lower odds of HIV for younger but not older Kothis and Panthis. In contrast, sex work and the Kothi identity in India are associated with high risk of adverse sexual health outcomes independently of protective social variables. The role of education and income among younger men in their formative years warrants additional multi-disciplinary HIV research. Gender/sexual identity is an important biopsychosocial determinant of health that is associated with sexual behavior, epidemics of sexually transmitted infections, and the enjoyment of human rights

    Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences

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    Social science researchers in the global South, and in South Africa particularly, utilise research methods in innovative ways in order to respond to contexts characterised by diversity, racial and political tensions, socioeconomic disparities and gender inequalities. These methods often remain undocumented – a gap that this book starts to address. Written by experts from various methodological fields, Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences is a comprehensive collation of original essays and cutting-edge research that demonstrates the variety of novel techniques and research methods available to researchers responding to these context-bound issues. It is particularly relevant for study and research in the fields of applied psychology, sociology, ethnography, biography and anthropology. In addition to their unique combination of conceptual and application issues, the chapters also include discussions on ethical considerations relevant to the method in similar global South contexts. Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences has much to offer to researchers, professionals and others involved in social science research both locally and internationally

    Graduate Research Fair Program, 2010

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    Stuttering in young females and males

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    Stuttering is a relatively common speech disorder and most people have met someone who stutters. Symptoms of stuttering are repetitions, prolongations and blocks that stop the natural flow of speech. However, the symptoms can vary greatly and often resemble repetitions, pauses and lengthening that also occur in the speech of people who do not stutter. In addition, many persons who stutter become skillful at covering the obvious stuttering symptoms. Thus, a person may stutter and find that the stuttering has a strong negative impact on their quality of life even though people around them do not perceive that the person is stuttering. Clinical experience suggests that females tend to use avoidance strategies more often than men as a way of coping with stuttering. However, whether there are differences between the way girls/women and boys/men experience stuttering and how this develops during childhood is scientifically a largely unexplored area. This thesis includes four studies. In Study I, differences in self-reported experience of stuttering between teenage females and males who stutter were analysed. The results showed that stuttering had a more negative impact on females compared to males. Females reported, to a greater extent than males, that because of their stuttering they avoided speaking and avoided social situations. When attitudes to communication among teenagers who do not stutter were examined, a considerably smaller difference between the sexes appeared. Study II again targeted self-reported experience of stuttering among young females and males, but also the relationship between self-rated severity of stuttering and speech and language pathologists’ (SLPs) assessment of stuttering severity. The results showed that stuttering had a greater negative impact for females compared to males. There was only a weak correlation between the females self-rated stuttering severity and the SLPs’ assessment, while the correlation between the males’ and SLPs’ estimates was stronger. Study III investigated the self-reported experience of stuttering in 162 children, adolescents, and young adults who stutter and whether there were differences in self-reported impact of stuttering at different ages and between sexes. The result was that stuttering had an increasingly negative impact on older girls and boys up to the age of 18, after which the individuals were less negatively impacted. Females reported on average a higher level of negative experience than males, and the sex difference was the greatest in adolescence. Study IV was an interview-study with young women who experience a problem with stuttering but due to covering coping strategies and avoidance behaviour, characteristic symptoms of stuttering are not perceived by listeners. The women's incentives for choosing the strategy, the behavioural changes required by the strategy, and its consequences, were examined. The analyses identified three main themes in the women's narratives: (i) Personal aspects, (ii) Stuttering as a phenomenon, (iii) Managing stuttering. Shame and the desire to fit in emerged as motives for hiding stuttering. The development of self-esteem and self-image had also been strongly negatively affected, resulting in social anxiety. Moreover, stuttering had come to control the women's life choices and daily lives to a large extent. A particular vulnerability of being a woman who stutters was expressed, partly based on societal norms about women's expected behaviours, partly based on society's stereotypical view of stuttering. In conclusion, the studies in this thesis provide insight into how females who stutter have a more negative experience of their stuttering and are more likely than males to cover overt stuttering symptoms. Females who stutter are therefore at risk of not getting adequate support because it may appear as if the stuttering has disappeared

    Visualizing Autobiography: Intersections of Gender, Representation, Curriculum Theory.

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    Defined by customs of femininity, women who transcend those definitions find it difficult to represent themselves in a comprehensible manner. The contradictions between the actual activities of life and the demands of femininity require woman to adopt unique approaches to self-representation in order to be accepted. Tied to the biological functions of their bodies through images in the media and social institutions, as well as their internalized images, women often find trying to represent themselves beyond or against their body problematic. The female body is presented as controller of destiny, both through beauty and motherhood requirements. Women often create representations of themselves which fit projected male desire and gaze, rather then their internal beliefs and aspirations, and so become alienated from themselves early in life. Autobiographical work provides a possibility to move towards overcoming this alienation. Many questions are raised in the process of composing and editing autobiography which reveal different perspectives in one\u27s own life story. What is included, what is left out and how are the decisions are made all affect the final version of the life-story told. The conflict between what women are taught through cultural practices and their views of themselves pose contradictions, the tensions of which create a space for self-reflective exploration. Autobiographical work provides the possibility of disrupting the male ordered, patriarchal systems of thought, especially in regards to the ways women think about themselves. Likewise, photography might be used as an alternative approach in autobiography to create self-representational images to counter the images which surround women. This dissertation examines issues of gender and representation for women. It explores the possibilities of employing other forms of representation, specifically photography, to provide alternative approaches to constructing autobiography. Alternative autobiographic techniques in curriculum theory and teacher education might provide new insights into the lives of women teachers and their relationship to the students they teach

    Social anxiety in trans and gender diverse people

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    This research examined social anxiety in trans and gender diverse people that results from transphobia and cisgenderism. It validated the use of a multidimensional continuous scale to measure gender, created and validated a measurement of trans and gender diverse social anxiety, and piloted an online program to reduce anxiety. Results for the online program showed promise subject to modifications to increase engagement and reduce participant attrition

    Pan European Voice Conference - PEVOC 11

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    The Pan European VOice Conference (PEVOC) was born in 1995 and therefore in 2015 it celebrates the 20th anniversary of its establishment: an important milestone that clearly expresses the strength and interest of the scientific community for the topics of this conference. The most significant themes of PEVOC are singing pedagogy and art, but also occupational voice disorders, neurology, rehabilitation, image and video analysis. PEVOC takes place in different European cities every two years (www.pevoc.org). The PEVOC 11 conference includes a symposium of the Collegium Medicorum Theatri (www.comet collegium.com

    McNair Scholars Research Journal Volume VI

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