Crossing geographical, legal and moral boundaries: the Belgian cigarette black market

Objectives: To describe and analyse the cigarette smuggling trade in Belgium and its role in the international cigarette black market. Design: Analysis of Belgian customs and prosecution files concerning the cigarette smuggling trade in the period 2000 to 2006 and interviews with law enforcement authorities and private tobacco industry. Results: Analyses were made of the geographical aspects, the modus operandi and the participants of the cigarette smuggling trade in Belgium. Belgium is mainly a transit country. The cigarettes are transported via the fine-meshed Belgian highway network to the UK, which is often the destination country of the cigarettes. China is the most popular country of origin, especially for counterfeited cigarettes. In order to transport the cigarettes often use was made of legal transport companies and warehouses were frequently used to store the cigarettes. Many of the persons involved in the Belgian cigarette smuggling trade are strongly connected to legitimate business activities. Conclusions: Belgium is an important transit country for cigarette smuggling to the UK. This study pictures the illicit tobacco trade as a complex, ambiguous phenomenon involving several legal and illegal participants whereby the transit of cigarettes across the licit/illicit divide is paralleled by the moral careers of those who smuggle them, not to mention those who consume them. From the legal world to the illegal and back again, this trade and its practitioners and customers blur the line between criminality and non- criminality. Dealing with this phenomenon therefore requires more than a strategy focusing on these lawbreakers alone

Can production and trafficking of illicit drugs be reduced or merely shifted ?

The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown to be cost-effective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases global welfare, it may be appropriate to consider a less aggressive stance to current producers and to make strategic decisions about the location of an industry producing a global bad.Crime and Society,Economic Theory&Research,Markets and Market Access,Alcohol and Substance Abuse,Post Conflict Reconstruction

Emerging Risks in the Marine Transportation System (MTS), 2001- 2021

How has maritime security evolved since 2001, and what challenges exist moving forward? This report provides an overview of the current state of maritime security with an emphasis on port security. It examines new risks that have arisen over the last twenty years, the different types of security challenges these risks pose, and how practitioners can better navigate these challenges. Building on interviews with 37 individuals immersed in maritime security protocols, we identify five major challenges in the modern maritime security environment: (1) new domains for exploitation, (2) big data and information processing, (3) attribution challenges, (4) technological innovations, and (5) globalization. We explore how these challenges increase the risk of small-scale, high-probability incidents against an increasingly vulnerable Marine Transportation System (MTS). We conclude by summarizing several measures that can improve resilience-building and mitigate these risks

Vessel traffic service as a maritime security tool: vessel traffic management information systems (VTMIS) in Ghana

The dissertation is an assessment of the role of the VTMIS in enhancing efforts to bring down maritime security in the threats in the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa focusing on Ghana. According to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is implemented by a Competent Authority to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment. Technological development today has led to significant improvements in vessel traffic service. Vessel Traffic Management Information Service is the integration of Management information systems to improve the quality of vessel traffic services. Vessel traffic services essentially are used for information services, navigational assistance services, traffic organisation services, and similar allied services. Increasingly, threats to maritime safety and security in the Gulf of Guinea area are becoming major issues in the world. This study investigated the role of the VTMIS in Ghana in enhancing and combating maritime security threat such as piracy, smuggling and trafficking, in the Gulf of Guinea area. The study collected primary qualitative data from respondents from agencies in Ghana that uses information from the VTMIS for the assessment. It also relied on secondary data from the IMO and Ghana Maritime Authority on incidence of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. The study revealed that VTMIS in Ghana contributes significantly to security of offshore installations in Ghana. It also reveal that Ghana’s VTMIS contributes significantly in monitoring and reporting maritime security issues in the Gulf of Guinea area

Mixed migration by sea: different perspectives and the solutions

The dissertation is a study of the phenomenon of mixed migration by sea, the different instruments which govern the phenomenon, the enforceability of these instruments, the implications which the phenomenon has and the solutions to migration by sea. The history of migration is briefly looked at as well as the history of the legal instruments and salient international organizations which were created at the time. The definition of the different terms used to refer to migration by sea are examined, taking into consideration the different perspectives which migration by sea can be viewed from. The different applicable legal instruments are discussed and analysed and their enforceability investigated. The implications which migration by sea has were explored. The connectivity of implications from one perspective of migration by sea to others is established. The different relief measures and proposed solutions to migration by sea are ascertained. Experts from different international organisations were interviewed regarding their organisation’s involvement with migration by sea. The outcome of the interviews were collated and evaluated to see the execution of roles and application of international law by international organisations. The findings chapter examines the current state of migration by sea in comparison to historical events, discusses the compliance of some relief measures to international law and the viability of proposed solutions. Numerous recommendations are made regarding migration by sea and the need for future investigation on the subject

The Business of Smuggling in south-east Scotland. John and David Nisbet and their associates c. 1740 -1790

Research into the career of the merchant-smuggler John Nisbet of Gunsgreen House, Eyemouth has led to a ‘bottom up’ analysis in this thesis of the North Sea smuggling business in the second half of the eighteenth century. Building on previous work, but supplemented by a range of new material, this thesis challenges some assumptions, notably about direct links between smaller Scottish ports and Gothenburg and highlighted the role of the merchant-smuggler in managing the import of tea from Sweden. It has also highlighted the significance of ‘Gottenburgh Teas’ as a brand, extensively advertised in newspapers in Scotland and the north of England. As well as this important addition to our understanding of the northern smuggling world, the thesis examines in detail the activities of the small port of Eyemouth, developing a knowledge of the methods adopted by smugglers and their relationships with each other and with the customs. It will also review the North Sea timber trade of the period, challenging earlier preconceptions about both the source of much of the timber that came to Scotland and how the business was managed. What it shows is that it is now possible to undertake micro historical research of a small port with, apparently, minimal local records, by combining a wider range of material, including much now available online, such as family history resources and the British Newspaper Archive. In this case, too, evidence is provided by Gunsgreen House itself, its physical fabric – the so-called tea chute, for example – and its symbolic importance for John Nisbet. The result is a detailed analysis of northern smuggling, including the importance of the role of Scottish merchants in Gothenburg, some of whom were Jacobite exiles, and of the business processes involved in smuggling which were essentially those of regular merchants

The Drug Problem and Organized Crime, Illicit Financial Flows, Corruption and Terrorism

An estimated quarter of a billion people, or around 5 per cent of the global adult population, used drugs at least once in 2015. Even more worrisome is the fact that about 29.5 million of those drug users, or 0.6 per cent of the global adult population, suffer from drug use disorders. This means that their drug use is harmful to the point that they may experience drug dependence and require treatment.The magnitude of the harm caused by drug use is underlined by the estimated 28 million years of "healthy" life (disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)) lost worldwide in 2015 as a result of premature death and disability caused by drug use.Of those years lost, 17 million were attributable solely to drug use disorders across all drug types. DALYs attributable to morbidity and mortality resulting from all causes of drug use have increased overall in the past decade.Yet, with fewer than one in six persons with drug use disorders provided with treatment each year, the availability of and access to science-based services for the treatment of drug use disorders and related conditions remain limited