The Role of Recovery Marketing to Recapture a Sport Market over the Past Decade: From Travel and Tourism to Professional and Amateur Sport Business

Recovery marketing can be defined as the actual or possible regaining, restoration, or improvement of something lost or taken away as a result of a significantly negative situation or event through the transfer of goods and services from producers to consumers. This article seeks to elaborate on the concept of recovery marketing historically and in terms of the sport industry, and how sport marketing efforts can be utilized in various situations to recuperate from negative scenarios. In addition, suggestions will be presented regarding the creation of a recovery marketing plan for sport organizations, as well as propositions for future research

Sports, Inc. Volume 3, Issue 1

The ILR Cornell Sports Business Society magazine is a semester publication titled Sports, Inc. This publication serves as a space for our membership to publish and feature in-depth research and well-thought out ideas to advance the world of sport. The magazine can be found in the Office of Student Services and is distributed to alumni who come visit us on campus. Issues are reproduced here with permission of the ILR Cornell Sports Business Society.https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/sportsinc/1003/thumbnail.jp

The Motivations and Effects of the NBA Salary Cap

The National Basketball Association’s (NBA) use of a salary cap to restrict player salaries and team payrolls is commonly seen in other professional sports leagues throughout the world, but it is unique in many ways which affect its efficiency in achieving its alleged purposes. Introduced in 1984, the salary cap was supposed to help the league restore competitive balance, as it theoretically would have prevented wealthier teams from overspending and dominating the less wealthy teams. As time has passed, it has become evident that competitive balance was not achieved following the adoption of the salary cap, and it has been widely speculated that the true motivation behind the implementation of the salary cap was the ownership’s desire to keep salaries low, so they would receive a larger share of income. When looking at historical salaries, sources of revenue, and negotiations between players and owners over the years, it becomes apparent that the shares of revenue between players and owners was the most important issue. By studying the NBA salary cap, insight could be provided about how salary controls affect workers, not just in professional sports, but in other industries as well

Economic and Historical Perspectives on Stationarity, Structural Change and the Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis in Long-Term North American Professional Sports Attendance.

The following work extends the breakpoint literature regarding annual attendance and the impact of outcome uncertainty at the aggregate level to the National Basketball Association, National Football League, and National Hockey League as well as at the team level in these three leagues and Major League Baseball. Attendance series for each league under consideration are not stationary overall but are stationary with breakpoints. However, evidence for the presence of a unit root—with or without breaks—is mixed across teams within and between North American leagues. Break points correspond in believable ways to historical occurrences in these leagues and the cities in which many of the franchises reside. Ultimately, the impact of competitive balance varies across both leagues and teams with respect to the time path of stadium attendance, with mixed evidence for Rottenberg’s uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. I present implications of breaks and balance effects and suggest future research on attendance estimation in North American professional sports, including further econometric treatment for a fully specified model of long-term stadium attendance that may be censored due to sellouts.PHDKinesiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94017/1/bmmillsy_1.pd

Practical rationality and sport practices : a MacIntyrean theory of sport

The purpose of this study was to develop an account of sport to assist sporting communities in improving the normative conditions of their sports. The examination begins with a look at the moral problems plaguing elite sport today. At the root of these is the instrumental reasoning used by athletes, coaches, owners and administrators to justify the use of sports as vehicles to fame and fortune and the failure of these community members to act on behalf of their sports as social practices. Three accounts of sport from the sport philosophy literature-formalism, conventionalism and anti-formalism-lack the normative strength to protect sports from corruption because they do not give community members guidance concerning which changes or actions will be beneficial or harmful to their sports. A fourth theory, broad internalism, provides internal principles or criteria that offer such guidance, but does not give community members a deliberative space in which to discuss and debate the best interests and problems of their sport. As a theory that creates just such a space, Alasdair Maclntyre\u27s theory of practical reasoning is a strong candidate to be fashioned into a more complete version of broad internalism. This Aristotelian theory establishes the internal goods of social practices like sport as their ultimate ends or teloi. In sports, these goods are the skills, strategies and challenges set forth by the rules, the standards of excellence attained within a particular sport, and the significant traditions that make the sport a meaningful activity. A sport\u27s internal goods thus form a foundation from which community members can deduce the virtues and actions that are best for that sport. Finally, the nonnative strength of the Maclntyrean theory of sport is established through its application to two contemporary scenarios from elite golf and figure skating. In both of these cases, the deliberative space and nonnative guidance of the Maclntyrean approach offer assistance to community members in solving problems within their sport that formalism, conventionalism and anti-formalism cannot offer. In the final analysis, the theory requires sporting communities to be communities of inquiry, in which members act as vigilant caretakers who critically examine their own actions and the goods and virtues in which they are grounded to insure that they are reasoning in the best interests of their sports