Ergonomic Design Guidelines for Non-flexible, Foldable, and Rollable Mobile Devices

Department of Human Factors EngineeringSmartphones are mobile devices used daily by people of almost all ages. Therefore, improving these devices from an ergonomic perspective can benefit many people. Similarly, future mobile devices with new displays must be designed from an ergonomic perspective. The purpose of this thesis was to develop ergonomic design guidelines for current non-flexible smartphones as well as future flexible display devices, considering perceived grip comfort, user preference, attractive design, and/or muscle activity. This thesis consists of six studies. The first two studies are on current smartphones with non-flexible displays, and the remaining four studies are on future mobile devices with flexible (foldable and rollable) displays. Study 1 examined the effects of task (neutral, comfortable, maximum, vertical, and horizontal strokes), phone width (60 and 90 mm), and hand length (small, medium, and large) on grasp, index finger reach zone, discomfort, and muscle activation for smartphone rear interaction. Ninety individuals participated in this study. The grasp was classified into two groups for rear interaction usage. The recommended zone for rear interaction was 8.8???10.1 cm from the bottom and 0.3???2.0 cm to the right of the vertical center line. Horizontal (vertical) strokes deviated from the horizontal axis in the range ???10.8?? to ???13.5?? (81.6 to 88.4??). Maximum strokes appeared to be excessive as these caused 43.8% greater discomfort than neutral strokes did. A 90-mm width also appeared to be excessive as it resulted in a 12.3% increase in discomfort relative to the 60-mm width. The small-hand group reported 11.9???18.2% higher discomfort ratings, and the percentage of maximum voluntary exertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis was 6.4% higher. Study 2 aimed to identify ergonomic forms of non-flexible smartphone by investigating the effects of hand length, four major smartphone dimensions (height, width, thickness, and edge roundness), and mass on one-handed grip comfort and design attractiveness. Seventy-two individuals participated. Study 2 was conducted in three stages. Stage 1 determined the ranges of the four smartphone dimensions suitable for grip comfort. Stage 2 investigated the effects of width and thickness (determined to have the greatest influence) on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Stage 3 investigated the effect of mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Phone width was found to significantly influence grip comfort and design attractiveness, and the dimensions of 140??65(or 70)??8??2.5 mm (height??width??thickness??edge roundness) provided higher one-handed grip comfort and design attractiveness. The selected dimensions were fit with a mass of 122 g and compared within a range of 106???137 g. Study 3 examined ergonomic forms for mobile foldable display devices in terms of folding/unfolding comfort and preference. Sixty individuals participated. Study 3 was conducted in two stages. In stage 1, suitable screen sizes for five tasks (messaging, calling, texting, web searching, and gaming) were determined. In stage 2, the most preferred folding methods among 14 different bi-folding and tri-folding methods were determined. The device dimension of 140H??60W was preferred for calling, whereas 140H??130W was preferred for web searches and gaming. The most preferred tri-fold concept (140H??198W) utilized Z-shaped screen folding. A trade-off was observed between screen protection and easy screen access. Study 4 examined the effects of gripping condition, device thickness, and hand length on bimanual grip comfort when using mobile devices with a rollable display. Thirty individuals evaluated three rollable display device prototypes (2, 6, and 10 mm right-side thickness) using three distinct gripping conditions (unrestricted, restricted, and pulp pinch grips). Rollable display devices should have at least 20 mm side bezel width and 10 mm thickness to ensure high grip comfort for bilateral screen pulling. Grip comfort increased as the device thickness was increased. Relative to device thickness, gripping condition greatly influenced bimanual grip comfort. Study 5 examined the effects of device height (70, 140, and 210 mm), task (web searching, video watching, and E-mail composing), and hand length (small, medium, and large hand groups) on various UX elements associated with using rollable display devices. Thirty individuals participated. Six UX elements (preferred screen width, preferred screen aspect ratio, user satisfaction, grip comfort, portability, design attractiveness, and gripping method) were assessed. Among device height, task, and hand length, device height was the most influential on the UX elements. The 95th percentile preferred screen width of three prototypes (device heights of 210, 140, and 70 mm) was 311.1, 206.2, and 100.0 mm, respectively. The larger the hand length, the wider the preferred screen width. A device (screen) height of 140 (120) mm with a 206.2 mm wide screen improved the overall user experience. Study 6 examined the effects of gender (15 males and 15 females), device thickness (2T, 6T, and 10T), and pulling duration (0.5s, 1.0s, and 1.5s) on preferred and acceptable pulling forces, muscle activities, and perceived comfort of the upper limbs associated with unrolling rollable displays. Thirty individuals evaluated three rollable display prototypes by laterally pulling each prototype for three different durations. Preferred and acceptable pulling forces of the upper limbs were measured, and the corresponding muscle activation and perceived comfort were obtained. Pulling duration largely accounted for %MVC of posterior deltoid (PD), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR), whereas gender largely accounted for perceived comfort. In consideration of perceived comfort, the device thickness was recommended to be 2 to 6T for both genders. %MVC of PD, FCR, and ECR of the female group was 1.4-2.4 times as high as that of the male group. The perceived comfort of the male group was 1.1-1.3 times higher than that of the female group. Overall, 6T was the best thickness. Users preferred a shorter pulling duration with a higher level of muscle activation than a longer pulling duration with a lower level of muscle activation to unroll the rollable screen. This work suggested ergonomic design guidelines for non-flexible smartphones and flexible mobile devices. Through these guidelines, basic dimensions and concepts for current and future mobile devices can be specified. In future studies, it is necessary to consider the intangible UX for future mobile devices by investigating the GUI based on the PUI proposed in this study.clos

Bingkai Vertikal Pada Film Tentang Perempuan Dalam Lingkaran Pertanyaan “kapan nikah”

Bentuk layar sebuah gawai menjadi awal mula penciptaan film “Risau” dengan bentuk bingkai vertikal. Bingkai dengan bentuk vertikal pada film “Risau” digunakan untuk menampilkan makna tekanan atau intimidasi dari tokoh Ibu dan Tara yang memberikan pertanyaan seputar pernikahan terhadap tokoh Bulik dan Naya. Situasi tersebut tersebut ditampilkan dengan komposisi atas-bawah. Komposisi atas-bawah pada bingkai vertikal diciptakan dengan membagi dua bingkai vertikal secara horizontal. Hasilnya, area bidang bagian atas bingkai digunakan untuk menempatkan tokoh yang mengintimidasi dan area bidang bagian bawah digunakan untuk menempatkan tokoh yang terintimidasi. Selain tawaran tersebut, penciptaan ini juga mencari kemungkinan-kemungkinan estetika lain yang dapat dihasilkan dari penggunaan bingkai vertikal terhadap unsur-unsur film lainnya. Penciptaan film “Risau” dengan bentuk bingkai vertikal menemukan bahwa (1) Komposisi menjadi sangat penting untuk memenuhi estetika bingkai vertikal, (2) terkait poin pertama, unsur-unsur film yaitu unsur naratif, sinematografi, mise en scene, dan editing, adalah empat unsur yang mendapatkan dampak dari penggunaan bingkai vertikal, dan (3) unsur audio pada penciptaan film “Risau” belum mendapatkan dampak dari penggunaan bingkai dengan bentuk vertikal. Film “Risau” menawarkan makna baru dalam penggunaan komposisi atas-bawah, yaitu tekanan, dengan membawa cerita mengenai perempuan dalam lingkaran pertanyaan “kapan nikah”