Zearalenone, an estrogenic component, in bovine milk, amount and detection method; A systematic review and meta-analysis

Zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites are a potent component with estrogenic potential that can enter milk. ZEN and its metabolites have the ability to disturb the function of endocrine glands. The aim of this systematic review was to estimate the level of ZEN and its metabolites in milk. This study was performed with these keywords; zearalenone, ZEN, bovine milk, ruminant milk, milk, dairy products, and milk product in various databases. 946 manuscripts were collected from databases and at the end, 17 manuscripts were reviewed according to the inclusion criteria. ZEN was identified in 59 % of studies. The most common methods of analysis were UHPLC, HPLC and ELISA. Meta-analysis was performed with CMA (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) software. No publication bias was observed in meta- analysis. But, heterogeneity was recorded between studies. The measurement method was identified as one of the sources of heterogeneity through meta-regression tests and subgroup analysis. Furthermore, in meta- analysis test, the total estimate of milk contamination with this mycotoxin was 0.036±0.017 µg/L. So far, the permissible limit for this compound in milk has not been announced, but these compounds have the ability to disturb the endocrine glands in low amounts. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly measure and control this mycotoxin and its metabolite in milk with valid methods

A mini review of mycotoxin’s occurrence in food in South America in the last 5 years: Research gaps and challenges in a climate change era

Mycotoxins are natural metabolites produced by species of filamentous fungi belonging mainly to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria, which can grow in various crops and foodstuffs. The South American climate is diverse, varying from tropical, temperate, and arid to cold, ideal for the growth of different types of fungi and mycotoxin production. This mini review aimed to describe the natural occurrence of mycotoxin in food in South America from 2018 to 2023, identifying research gaps and challenges in an era of climate change. We analyzed 53 studies, 21 from Brazil. Most of the mycotoxins analyzed in South America were the traditional and regulated mycotoxins, with variable occurrences depending on the region, climatic conditions, and methodology used. Emerging and modified mycotoxins have only been studied in Argentina and Brazil, where some studies have shown high occurrences. Given this, it is essential to strengthen food safety laboratories and surveillance capabilities and establish early warning systems. It is also essential to continue working to raise awareness of mycotoxins as a public health issue and to study and prevent the impact of climate change on soil microbial population, the new prevalence of fungi, and the profile of toxigenic species. An effective connection and collaboration between disciplines and sectors in different countries is needed to meet this research challenge.Fil: Foerster, Claudia. Universidad Bernardo O? Higgins;Fil: Müller Sepúlveda, Andrea. Universidad Bernardo O? Higgins;Fil: Copetti, Marina Venturini. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; BrasilFil: Arrua, Andrea Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Monsalve, Liliam. Universidad Bernardo O? Higgins;Fil: Ramirez, Maria Laura. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Adriana Mabel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; Argentin

Mycotoxin Contamination in Grains; Papers presented at the 17th ASEAN Technical Seminar on Grain Postharvest Technology, Lumut, Malaysia, 25-27 July 1995

Crop Production/Industries,

Presencia de aflatoxina M1, Zearalenona y sus factores de riesgo en leche de vaca en diferentes provincias de Ecuador

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Ciencia AnimalAflatoxina M1 (AFM1) es una micotoxina carcinógena y hepatotóxica, mientras que Zearalenona (ZEA) es un disruptor endócrino por su capacidad de adoptar una configuración similar al 17-beta-estradiol. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la presencia de estas micotoxinas, y sus factores de riesgo, en leche cruda del centro-norte de Ecuador. Se recolectaron 209 muestras durante la época seca (junio y agosto) y lluviosa (abril y noviembre) de 2019. Las concentraciones de AFM1 se midieron con ensayos inmunocromatográficos de flujo lateral, mientras que ZEA por ELISA. El 100 por ciento de las muestras contenían AFM1, con una media de 0.0774 μg/kg (0.023 - 0.751 μg/kg), excediendo el límite regulatorio europeo (0.05 μg/kg) en el 59.3 por ciento (124/209) de las muestras, mientras que el 1.9 por ciento (4/209) excedió el límite legal ecuatoriano (0.5 μg/kg). ZEA se encontró en el 99.5 por ciento de las muestras (208/209), con una media de 1.5 μg/kg (0 – 10.2 μg/kg), en niveles muy por debajo de los límites máximos permitidos por la legislación internacional (30 a 1000 μg/kg). Se usaron pruebas no paramétricas, donde los resultados de ZEA no variaron significativamente (p0.05) por cantones, provincias, clima, región climática, tipos de productores, sistemas de producción. Para AFM1, existieron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) entre provincias (mayor Manabí), meses de estudio (junio), época climática (época seca) y región climática (región costera). Para determinar factores de riesgo en relación a la aparición de AFM1 en leche, se utilizó un ajuste de modelo lineal por mínimos cuadrados ponderados, encontrándose que el consumo de leguminosas, uso de ensilaje, sistema de producción intensivo y los grandes productores presentaron niveles más altos de AFM1. Si bien la contaminación por ZEA y AFM1 en la leche cruda no rebasa los límites permitidos por la legislación ecuatoriana, pero debido a su presencia, es necesario desarrollar un programa de vigilancia continua de estas micotoxinas.Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a carcinogen and hepatoxic mycotoxin, whereas Zearalenone (ZEA) is an endocrine disruptor due to its capacity to adopt a similar configuration to 17-betaestradiol. The objective of the research was to determine the presence of these mycotoxins, and their risk factors, in raw milk in North-center Ecuador. 209 samples were collected during the dry season (June and August) and rainy season (April and November) in 2019. The concentrations of AFM1 were measured through immunochromatographic lateral flow assays, while ZEA through ELISA. 100 percent of the samples contained AFM1, with a median of 0.0774 μg/kg (0.023 – 0.751 μg/kg), exceeding the European regulatory limit (0.05 μg/kg) in 59.3 percent (124/209) of the samples. While 1.9 percent (4/209) exceeded the Ecuadorian legal limit (0.5 μg/kg). ZEA was found in 99.5 percent of the samples (208/209), with a median of 1.5 μg/kg (0 – 10.2 μg/kg), in levels far below the maximum limits allowed by international legislation (30 to 1000 μg/kg). Non-parametric tests were used, where the results of ZEA did not vary significantly (p0.05) by cantons, provinces, climate, climatic region, types of producers, production systems. For AFM1, there were significant differences (p≤0.05) within provinces (highest in Manabí), months of study (June), climatic season (dry season) and climatic region (coastal region). In order to determine risk factors regarding the appearance of AFM1 in milk, an adjustment was made through the weighted least squares model, it was found that the consumption of legumes, use of ensilage, intensive production system and the major producers presented higher levels of AFM1. Although the contamination by ZEA and AFM1 in raw milk does not exceed the limits allowed by Ecuadorian legislation, but due to their presence, a continuous vigilance program for these mycotoxins should be developed

A mini review of mycotoxin’s occurrence in food in South America in the last 5 years: research gaps and challenges in a climate change era

Mycotoxins are natural metabolites produced by species of filamentous fungi belonging mainly to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria, which can grow in various crops and foodstuffs. The South American climate is diverse, varying from tropical, temperate, and arid to cold, ideal for the growth of different types of fungi and mycotoxin production. This mini review aimed to describe the natural occurrence of mycotoxin in food in South America from 2018 to 2023, identifying research gaps and challenges in an era of climate change. We analyzed 53 studies, 21 from Brazil. Most of the mycotoxins analyzed in South America were the traditional and regulated mycotoxins, with variable occurrences depending on the region, climatic conditions, and methodology used. Emerging and modified mycotoxins have only been studied in Argentina and Brazil, where some studies have shown high occurrences. Given this, it is essential to strengthen food safety laboratories and surveillance capabilities and establish early warning systems. It is also essential to continue working to raise awareness of mycotoxins as a public health issue and to study and prevent the impact of climate change on soil microbial population, the new prevalence of fungi, and the profile of toxigenic species. An effective connection and collaboration between disciplines and sectors in different countries is needed to meet this research challenge