Heron triangles with two rational medians and Somos-5 sequences

Triangles with integer length sides and integer area are known as Heron triangles. Taking rescaling freedom into account, one can apply the same name when all sides and the area are rational numbers. A perfect triangle is a Heron triangle with all three medians being rational, and it is a longstanding conjecture that no such triangle exists. However, Buchholz and Rathbun showed that there are infinitely many Heron triangles with two rational medians, an infinite subset of which are associated with rational points on an elliptic curve $E(\mathbb{Q})$ with Mordell-Weil group $\mathbb{Z}\times \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$, and they observed a connection with a pair of Somos-5 sequences. Here we make the latter connection more precise by providing explicit formulae for the integer side lengths, the two rational medians, and the area in this infinite family of Heron triangles. The proof uses a combined approach to Somos-5 sequences and associated Quispel-Roberts-Thompson (QRT) maps in the plane, from several different viewpoints: complex analysis, real dynamics, and reduction modulo a prime.Comment: Minor typos and one entry in Table 9 correcte

Heron triangles with two rational medians and Somos-5 sequences

Triangles with integer length sides and integer area are known as Heron triangles. Taking rescaling freedom into account, one can apply the same name when all sides and the area are rational numbers. A perfect triangle is a Heron triangle with all three medians being rational, and it is a longstanding conjecture that no such triangle exists. However, Buchholz and Rathbun showed that there are infinitely many Heron triangles with two rational medians, an infinite subset of which are associated with rational points on an elliptic curve E(Q) with Mordell-Weil group Z × Z/2Z, and they observed a connection with a pair of Somos-5 sequences. Here we make the latter connection more precise by providing explicit formulae for the integer side lengths, the two rational medians, and the area in this infinite family of Heron triangles. The proof uses a combined approach to Somos-5 sequences and associated Quispel-Roberts-Thompson (QRT) maps in the plane, from several different viewpoints: complex analysis, real dynamics, and reduction modulo a prime

Géométrie Algébrique Effective

Maste

Separating linear forms and Rational Univariate Representations of bivariate systems

International audienceWe address the problem of solving systems of bivariate polynomials with integer coefficients. We first present an algorithm for computing a separating linear form of such systems, that is a linear combination of the variables that takes different values when evaluated at distinct (complex) solutions of the system. In other words, a separating linear form defines a shear of the coordinate system that sends the algebraic system in generic position, in the sense that no two distinct solutions are vertically aligned. The computation of such linear forms is at the core of most algorithms that solve algebraic systems by computing rational parameterizations of the solutions and, moreover, the computation of a separating linear form is the bottleneck of these algorithms, in terms of worst-case bit complexity. Given two bivariate polynomials of total degree at most $d$ with integer coefficients of bitsize at most~$\tau$, our algorithm computes a separating linear form {of bitsize $O(\log d)$} in \comp\ bit operations in the worst case, which decreases by a factor $d^2$ the best known complexity for this problem (where \sO refers to the complexity where polylogarithmic factors are omitted and $O_B$ refers to the bit complexity). We then present simple polynomial formulas for the Rational Univariate Representations (RURs) of such systems. {This yields that, given a separating linear form of bitsize $O(\log d)$, the corresponding RUR can be computed in worst-case bit complexity \sOB(d^7+d^6\tau) and that its coefficients have bitsize \sO(d^2+d\tau).} We show in addition that isolating boxes of the solutions of the system can be computed from the RUR with \sOB(d^{8}+d^7\tau) bit operations in the worst case. Finally, we show how a RUR can be used to evaluate the sign of a bivariate polynomial (of degree at most $d$ and bitsize at most $\tau$) at one real solution of the system in \sOB(d^{8}+d^7\tau) bit operations and at all the $\Theta(d^2)$ real solutions in only $O(d)$ times that for one solution

Number Theory, Analysis and Geometry: In Memory of Serge Lang

Serge Lang was an iconic figure in mathematics, both for his own important work and for the indelible impact he left on the field of mathematics, on his students, and on his colleagues. Over the course of his career, Lang traversed a tremendous amount of mathematical ground. As he moved from subject to subject, he found analogies that led to important questions in such areas as number theory, arithmetic geometry and the theory of negatively curved spaces. Lang's conjectures will keep many mathematicians occupied far into the future. In the spirit of Lang’s vast contribution to mathematics, this memorial volume contains articles by prominent mathematicians in a variety of areas, namely number theory, analysis and geometry, representing Lang’s own breadth of interests. A special introduction by John Tate includes a brief and engaging account of Serge Lang’s life

Number Theory, Analysis and Geometry: In Memory of Serge Lang

Serge Lang was an iconic figure in mathematics, both for his own important work and for the indelible impact he left on the field of mathematics, on his students, and on his colleagues. Over the course of his career, Lang traversed a tremendous amount of mathematical ground. As he moved from subject to subject, he found analogies that led to important questions in such areas as number theory, arithmetic geometry and the theory of negatively curved spaces. Lang's conjectures will keep many mathematicians occupied far into the future. In the spirit of Lang’s vast contribution to mathematics, this memorial volume contains articles by prominent mathematicians in a variety of areas, namely number theory, analysis and geometry, representing Lang’s own breadth of interests. A special introduction by John Tate includes a brief and engaging account of Serge Lang’s life