Influence Distribution Training Data on Performance Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms

Almost all fields of life need Banknote. Even particular fields of life require banknotes in large quantities such as banks, transportation companies, and casinos. Therefore Banknotes are an essential component in carrying out all activities every day, especially those related to finance. Through technological advancements such as scanners and copy machine, it can provide the opportunity for anyone to commit a crime. The crime is like a counterfeit banknote. Many people still find it difficult to distinguish between a genuine banknote ad counterfeit Banknote, that is because counterfeit Banknote produced have a high degree of resemblance to the genuine Banknote. Based on that background, authors want to do a classification process to distinguish between genuine Banknote and counterfeit Banknote. The classification process use methods Supervised Learning and compares the level of accuracy based on the distribution of training data. The methods of supervised Learning used are Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), and Naïve Bayes. K-NN method is a method that has the highest specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the three methods used by the authors both in the training data of 30%, 50%, and 80%. Where in the training data 30% and 50% value specificity: 0.99, sensitivity: 1.00, accuracy: 0.99. While the 80% training data value specificity: 1.00, sensitivity: 1.00, accuracy: 1.00. This means that the distribution of training data influences the performance of the Supervised Machine Learning algorithm. In the KNN method, the greater the training data, the better the accuracy

Hyperspectral image reconstruction using multi-colour and time-multiplexed LED illumination

The rapidly rising industrial interest in hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has generated an increased demand for cost effective HSI devices. We are demonstrating a mobile and low-cost multispectral imaging system, enabled by time-multiplexed RGB Light Emitting Diodes (LED) illumination, which operates at video framerate. Critically, a deep Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) with HSI prior in the spectral range of 400–950 nm is trained to reconstruct HSI data. We incorporate regularisation and dropout to compensate for overfitting in the largely ill-posed problem of reconstructing the HSI data. The MLP is characterised by a relatively simple design and low computational burden. Experimental results on 51 objects of various references and naturally occurring materials show the effectiveness of this approach in terms of reconstruction error and classification accuracy. We were also able to show that utilising additional colour channels to the three R, G and B channels adds increased value to the reconstruction

Sub-surface characterisation of latest-generation identification documents using optical coherence tomography

The identification of individuals, particularly at international border crossings, coupled with the evolving sophistication of identity documents are issues that authorities must contend with. Particularly, the ability to distinguish legitimate from counterfeit documents, with high throughput, sensitivity, and selectivity is an ever-evolving challenge. Over the last decade, an increasing number of security features have been introduced by authorities in identification documents. The latest generation of travel documents (such as passports and national ID cards) forego paper substrates for several layers of polycarbonate, allowing security features to be embedded within the documents. These security features may contain information at either the superficial and sub-surface levels, thus increasing the document’s resilience to counterfeiting. As the documents become harder to forge, so does the sophistication of forgery detection. There appears to be an unmet and evolving need to identify such sophisticated forgeries, in a non-destructive, high throughput manner. In this publication, we report on the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging on assessing security features in specimen passports and national ID cards. OCT allows sub-surface imaging of translucent structures, non-destructively enabling quantitative visualisation of embedded security features

EARTH SCIENCE AND MODERN - CONTEMPORARY ART: FINGERPRINTS FOR THE SAFEGUARD OF ARTWORKS IN VIEW OF FINE ARTS TRANSPORTATION

Abstract One of the most important problem of artwork's uniqueness is related to the handling of the works for exhibitions around the world and the risks linked to this aspect (counterfeiting, etc.). With the diffusion of non-invasive methodologies in Cultural Heritage field, the historicalartistic- stylistic studies, designed for false artworks’ identification, are increasingly followed by chemical and spectrographic analyzes that allow material characterization of support and painting, underlining the important role of pigments considered "dating pigment ". Structural and texture elements of pictorial surface, painting support and chemical-mineralogical composition of pigments could be consider like “element of uniqueness” for the studied artwork. A map of these elements, that should be fundamental to writing the “condition report”, is very useful to control artwork during its movement for art-exhibition, to reduce risks of substitutions (counterfeiting, etc.) and to verify the dawning of damage phenomena in order to project suitable prevention plans. The knowledge of some artworks’ characteristics, difficult to reproduce and that are punctual placed, allows to identify uniqueness feature of artworks (like fingerprint) and to control its identity during movement phase. Further to textural characteristic (brushstroke direction, craquelures geometry, distribution and thickness of pictorial layer, pentimenti, support, kind of canvas fibers, etc.), the chemical-mineralogical of pigments could be applied to support identification of false artwork or ancient copies: finding pigment which utilization period is well known (i.e. initial use: first commercial introduction or pigment patent, etc.; final use: replaced pigment for its toxicity, etc.) permits to hypothesize proposal “post-quem” date of painting. In this way, identification of these characteristic, belonging to dating pigment, represents fundamental reference for dating actions. However, the limits of this application is linked to modern and contemporary art: if the painting was made simultaneously to commercial entry of this dating pigment, it will be difficult to distinguish if that painting is original or if it is a copy or fake. Then considering that many artificial pigments are used in restoration field, before carrying out chemical analysis, it suggests to verify if the region of interest do not present restoration act; in this way it is more easy to avoid a wrong interpretation of analyzed paintings. In spite of the important role that dating pigment have in identification studies, the complexity of color pigment and the size of pigment particles could create some problems from analytical point of view; for these reason, the research focus its attention then to look for more appropriate methodologies. This research belongs to this cognitive path in which Earth Science know-how will be transferred to Cultural Heritage domain. The current study focuses its attention to the identification of these characteristics (film thickness pictorial peculiarities of artistic technique, mapping of the distribution of the different pigments on medium, restoration, structural and material characteristics, etc.), selecting analytical methods, that will be less invasive and more appropriate according to possibility to move artwork. Earth Science approach demonstrates to be very useful especially for the White Titanium Oxide pigment in which, the identification of Rutile or Anatase phase helped in proposal dating of an analyzed painting. The identification of these “art-fingerprints” at microscopic level is tested both on pictorial specimens taken from painting made by national and international artist (J.S. Sargent, P. Picasso, A. Modigliani) both on entire painting with dubious dating or artist attribution (G. Boldini, F. De Pisis). Considering the uniqueness of analyzed paintings and samples, the analytical procedure begins using non-invasive techniques (for painting painting) and it finishes carrying out nondestructive analysis in order to preserve samples for further analysis. In conclusion, the research is useful also to evaluate conservative condition and materials composition in support to maintenance-restoration actions and dating purpose, but also it could be applied in assurance policy (uniqueness art-fingerprint), i.e. nails to nails policy, painting’s during movement for art-exhibition

EARTH SCIENCE AND MODERN - CONTEMPORARY ART: FINGERPRINTS FOR THE SAFEGUARD OF ARTWORKS IN VIEW OF FINE ARTS TRANSPORTATION

Abstract One of the most important problem of artwork's uniqueness is related to the handling of the works for exhibitions around the world and the risks linked to this aspect (counterfeiting, etc.). With the diffusion of non-invasive methodologies in Cultural Heritage field, the historicalartistic- stylistic studies, designed for false artworks’ identification, are increasingly followed by chemical and spectrographic analyzes that allow material characterization of support and painting, underlining the important role of pigments considered "dating pigment ". Structural and texture elements of pictorial surface, painting support and chemical-mineralogical composition of pigments could be consider like “element of uniqueness” for the studied artwork. A map of these elements, that should be fundamental to writing the “condition report”, is very useful to control artwork during its movement for art-exhibition, to reduce risks of substitutions (counterfeiting, etc.) and to verify the dawning of damage phenomena in order to project suitable prevention plans. The knowledge of some artworks’ characteristics, difficult to reproduce and that are punctual placed, allows to identify uniqueness feature of artworks (like fingerprint) and to control its identity during movement phase. Further to textural characteristic (brushstroke direction, craquelures geometry, distribution and thickness of pictorial layer, pentimenti, support, kind of canvas fibers, etc.), the chemical-mineralogical of pigments could be applied to support identification of false artwork or ancient copies: finding pigment which utilization period is well known (i.e. initial use: first commercial introduction or pigment patent, etc.; final use: replaced pigment for its toxicity, etc.) permits to hypothesize proposal “post-quem” date of painting. In this way, identification of these characteristic, belonging to dating pigment, represents fundamental reference for dating actions. However, the limits of this application is linked to modern and contemporary art: if the painting was made simultaneously to commercial entry of this dating pigment, it will be difficult to distinguish if that painting is original or if it is a copy or fake. Then considering that many artificial pigments are used in restoration field, before carrying out chemical analysis, it suggests to verify if the region of interest do not present restoration act; in this way it is more easy to avoid a wrong interpretation of analyzed paintings. In spite of the important role that dating pigment have in identification studies, the complexity of color pigment and the size of pigment particles could create some problems from analytical point of view; for these reason, the research focus its attention then to look for more appropriate methodologies. This research belongs to this cognitive path in which Earth Science know-how will be transferred to Cultural Heritage domain. The current study focuses its attention to the identification of these characteristics (film thickness pictorial peculiarities of artistic technique, mapping of the distribution of the different pigments on medium, restoration, structural and material characteristics, etc.), selecting analytical methods, that will be less invasive and more appropriate according to possibility to move artwork. Earth Science approach demonstrates to be very useful especially for the White Titanium Oxide pigment in which, the identification of Rutile or Anatase phase helped in proposal dating of an analyzed painting. The identification of these “art-fingerprints” at microscopic level is tested both on pictorial specimens taken from painting made by national and international artist (J.S. Sargent, P. Picasso, A. Modigliani) both on entire painting with dubious dating or artist attribution (G. Boldini, F. De Pisis). Considering the uniqueness of analyzed paintings and samples, the analytical procedure begins using non-invasive techniques (for painting painting) and it finishes carrying out nondestructive analysis in order to preserve samples for further analysis. In conclusion, the research is useful also to evaluate conservative condition and materials composition in support to maintenance-restoration actions and dating purpose, but also it could be applied in assurance policy (uniqueness art-fingerprint), i.e. nails to nails policy, painting’s during movement for art-exhibition

Multidimensional Strategies to Mitigate Counterfeiting

Counterfeiting causes substantial negative impacts on intellectual property and opportunity costs to businesses worldwide. Anticounterfeiting department executives who lack multidimensional anticounterfeiting strategies to mitigate fakes may incur substantial financial loss and intellectual property theft. Grounded in the systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore the strategies that anticounterfeiting department managers use to mitigate counterfeiting. The participants comprised 4 anticounterfeiting representatives of a consumer products company in a metropolitan area of Georgia who successfully devised and implemented anticounterfeiting strategies. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and the firm\u27s online resources. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data, and 3 themes emerged: using online resources, increasing awareness, and continuous improvement. A key recommendation is for anticounterfeiting managers to integrate online resources created by experts in the field to improve the current anticounterfeiting strategy. The implications for positive social change include the potential for anticounterfeiting leaders to increase awareness and understanding of effective anticounterfeiting strategies, help businesses protect intellectual property and creations, increase profitability, extend business lifespan, and promote national economic advancement. Reducing counterfeiting also lessens the negative socioeconomic impacts that harm consumer morale, health, safety, and national economic advancement

Digital Techniques for Documenting and Preserving Cultural Heritage

In this unique collection the authors present a wide range of interdisciplinary methods to study, document, and conserve material cultural heritage. The methods used serve as exemplars of best practice with a wide variety of cultural heritage objects having been recorded, examined, and visualised. The objects range in date, scale, materials, and state of preservation and so pose different research questions and challenges for digitization, conservation, and ontological representation of knowledge. Heritage science and specialist digital technologies are presented in a way approachable to non-scientists, while a separate technical section provides details of methods and techniques, alongside examples of notable applications of spatial and spectral documentation of material cultural heritage, with selected literature and identification of future research. This book is an outcome of interdisciplinary research and debates conducted by the participants of the COST Action TD1201, Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage, 2012–16 and is an Open Access publication available under a CC BY-NC-ND licence.https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/mip_arc_cdh/1000/thumbnail.jp

Digital Techniques for Documenting and Preserving Cultural Heritage

This book presents interdisciplinary approaches to the examination and documentation of material cultural heritage, using non-invasive spatial and spectral optical technologies