Full year crop monitoring and separability assessment with fully-polarimetric L-band UAVSAR:A case study in the Sacramento Valley, California

Spatial and temporal information on plant and soil conditions is needed urgently for monitoring of crop productivity. Remote sensing has been considered as an effective means for crop growth monitoring due to its timely updating and complete coverage. In this paper, we explored the potential of L-band fully-polarimetric Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) data for crop monitoring and classification. The study site was located in the Sacramento Valley, in California where the cropping system is relatively diverse. Full season polarimetric signatures, as well as scattering mechanisms, for several crops, including almond, walnut, alfalfa, winter wheat, corn, sunflower, and tomato, were analyzed with linear polarizations (HH, HV, and VV) and polarimetric decomposition (Cloude–Pottier and Freeman–Durden) parameters, respectively. The separability amongst crop types was assessed across a full calendar year based on both linear polarizations and decomposition parameters. The unique structure-related polarimetric signature of each crop was provided by multitemporal UAVSAR data with a fine temporal resolution. Permanent tree crops (almond and walnut) and alfalfa demonstrated stable radar backscattering values across the growing season, whereas winter wheat and summer crops (corn, sunflower, and tomato) presented drastically different patterns, with rapid increase from the emergence stage to the peak biomass stage, followed by a significant decrease during the senescence stage. In general, the polarimetric signature was heterogeneous during June and October, while homogeneous during March-to-May and July-to-August. The scattering mechanisms depend heavily upon crop type and phenological stage. The primary scattering mechanism for tree crops was volume scattering (>40%), while surface scattering (>40%) dominated for alfalfa and winter wheat, although double-bounce scattering (>30%) was notable for alfalfa during March-to-September. Surface scattering was also dominant (>40%) for summer crops across the growing season except for sunflower and tomato during June and corn during July-to-October when volume scattering (>40%) was the primary scattering mechanism. Crops were better discriminated with decomposition parameters than with linear polarizations, and the greatest separability occurred during the peak biomass stage (July-August). All crop types were completely separable from the others when simultaneously using UAVSAR data spanning the whole growing season. The results demonstrate the feasibility of L-band SAR for crop monitoring and classification, without the need for optical data, and should serve as a guideline for future research

Application of the trajectory error matrix for assessing the temporal transferability of OBIA for slum detection

High temporal and spatial-resolution imageries are a valuable data source for slum monitoring. However, the transferability of OBIA methods across space and time remains problematic, due to the complexity of the term “slum”. Hence, transparency is important when analysing the transferability of OBIA methods for slum mapping. Our research developed a framework for measuring the temporal transferability of OBIA methods employing the trajectory error matrix (TEM). We found relatively low trajectory accuracies indicating low temporal transferability of OBIA methods for slum monitoring using point-based assessment methods. However, the analysis of change needs to be combined with an analysis of the certainty of this change by considering the context of the change to deal with common problems such as variations of the viewing angles and uncertainties in producing reference data on slums

Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar

This open access book focuses on the practical application of electromagnetic polarimetry principles in Earth remote sensing with an educational purpose. In the last decade, the operations from fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar such as the Japanese ALOS/PalSAR, the Canadian Radarsat-2 and the German TerraSAR-X and their easy data access for scientific use have developed further the research and data applications at L,C and X band. As a consequence, the wider distribution of polarimetric data sets across the remote sensing community boosted activity and development in polarimetric SAR applications, also in view of future missions. Numerous experiments with real data from spaceborne platforms are shown, with the aim of giving an up-to-date and complete treatment of the unique benefits of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data in five different domains: forest, agriculture, cryosphere, urban and oceans

Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Principles and Application

Demonstrates the benefits of the usage of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data in applications of Earth remote sensing, with educational and development purposes. Includes numerous up-to-date examples with real data from spaceborne platforms and possibility to use a software to support lecture practicals. Reviews theoretical principles in an intuitive way for each application topic. Covers in depth five application domains (forests, agriculture, cryosphere, urban, and oceans), with reference also to hazard monitorin

Traffic Road Congestion System using by the internet of vehicles (IoV)

Traffic problems have increased in modern life due to a huge number of vehicles, big cities, and ignoring the traffic rules. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has improved the traffic system in previous some and plays a vital role in the best traffic control system in big cities. But due to some limitations, it is not enough to control some problems in specific conditions. Now a day invention of new technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) is used for collaboratively and efficiently performing tasks. This technology was also introduced in the transportation system which makes it an intelligent transportation system (ITS), this is called the Internet of vehicles (IOV). We will elaborate on traffic problems in the traditional system and elaborate on the benefits, enhancements, and reasons to better IOV by Systematic Literature Review (SLR). This technique will be implemented by targeting needed papers through many search phrases. A systematic literature review is used for 121 articles between 2014 and 2023. The IoV technologies and tools are required to create the IoV and resolve some traffic rules through SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) which is used for the design and simulation the road traffic. We have tried to contribute to the best model of the traffic control system. This paper will analysis two vehicular congestion control models in term of select the optimized and efficient model and elaborate on the reasons for efficiency by searching the solution SLR based questions. Due to some efficient features, we have suggested the IOV based on vehicular clouds. These efficient features make this model the best and most effective than the traditional model which is a great reason to enhance the network system.Comment: pages 16, figures

Remote Sensing and Geosciences for Archaeology

This book collects more than 20 papers, written by renowned experts and scientists from across the globe, that showcase the state-of-the-art and forefront research in archaeological remote sensing and the use of geoscientific techniques to investigate archaeological records and cultural heritage. Very high resolution satellite images from optical and radar space-borne sensors, airborne multi-spectral images, ground penetrating radar, terrestrial laser scanning, 3D modelling, Geographyc Information Systems (GIS) are among the techniques used in the archaeological studies published in this book. The reader can learn how to use these instruments and sensors, also in combination, to investigate cultural landscapes, discover new sites, reconstruct paleo-landscapes, augment the knowledge of monuments, and assess the condition of heritage at risk. Case studies scattered across Europe, Asia and America are presented: from the World UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa to heritage under threat in the Middle East and North Africa, from coastal heritage in the intertidal flats of the German North Sea to Early and Neolithic settlements in Thessaly. Beginners will learn robust research methodologies and take inspiration; mature scholars will for sure derive inputs for new research and applications

Radar Imaging in Challenging Scenarios from Smart and Flexible Platforms

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