COMBAT SYSTEMS Volume 1. Sensor Elements Part I. Sensor Functional Characteristics

This document includes: CHAPTER 1. SIGNATURES, OBSERVABLES, & PROPAGATORS. CHAPTER 2. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. I. – FUNDAMENTAL EFFECTS. CHAPTER 3. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. II. – WEATHER EFFECTS. CHAPTER 4. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. III. – REFRACTIVE EFFECTS. CHAPTER 5. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IV. – OTHER ATMOSPHERIC AND UNDERWATER EFFECTS. CHAPTER 6. PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC RADIATION. CHAPTER 7. NUCLEAR RADIATION: ITS ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION. CHAPTER 8. RADIOMETRY, PHOTOMETRY, & RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS. CHAPTER 9. SENSOR FUNCTIONS. CHAPTER 10. SEARCH. CHAPTER 11. DETECTION. CHAPTER 12. ESTIMATION. CHAPTER 13. MODULATION AND DEMODULATION. CHAPTER 14. IMAGING AND IMAGE-BASED PERCEPTION. CHAPTER 15. TRACKING. APPENDIX A. UNITS, PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, AND USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS. APPENDIX B. FINITE DIFFERENCE AND FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES. APPENDIX C. PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS. INDEX TO VOLUME 1. Note by author: Note: Boldface entries in the table of contents are not yet completed

1996 Laboratory directed research and development annual report

This report summarizes progress from the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program during fiscal year 1996. In addition to a programmatic and financial overview, the report includes progress reports from 259 individual R&D projects in seventeen categories. The general areas of research include: engineered processes and materials; computational and information sciences; microelectronics and photonics; engineering sciences; pulsed power; advanced manufacturing technologies; biomedical engineering; energy and environmental science and technology; advanced information technologies; counterproliferation; advanced transportation; national security technology; electronics technologies; idea exploration and exploitation; production; and science at the interfaces - engineering with atoms

A Rapid Dosimetric Assessment Method Using Cone Beam CT in Prostate Cancer Patients

Objective: Cone beam CT (CBCT) images contain more scatter than a conventional CT image and therefore provide inaccurate Hounsfield units (HU). Consequently CBCT images cannot be used directly for radiotherapy dose calculation. The aim of this study is to enable dose calculations to be performed with the use of CBCT images taken during radiotherapy and evaluate the necessity of re-planning. Methods: A phantom, a standard prostate cancer patient and prostate cancer patients with single and double metallic hips were imaged using both CT and CBCT. A multilevel threshold algorithm (MLT) was used to categorise pixel values in the CBCT images into segments of homogeneous HU. The variation in HU with position in the CBCT images was taken into consideration and the benefit of using a large number of materials has been explored. This segmentation method relies upon the operator dividing the CBCT data into a set of volumes where the variation in the relationship between pixel values and HUs is small. In addition, an automated MLT algorithm was developed to reduce the operator time associated with the process. Furthermore, magnetic resonance (MR) images of the standard prostate case were segmented and converted into HUs using the MLT algorithm. Radiotherapy treatment plans were generated from CT images and then copied to the segmented CBCT and MR data sets and the doses were recalculated and compared using pencil beam (PB), collapsed cone (CC) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms. Results: Compared with the planning CT (pCT) treatment plan, in the phantom case, a gamma evaluation showed all points in planning target volume (PTV), rectum and bladder had gamma value < 1 (3%/3 mm) in the segmented CBCT, when considering only 2 material bins, water and bone. For the standard patient case, using 3 materials, air, water and bone, was accurate enough to provide accurate dose calculations with differences of less than 2%. For the patient with a metallic hip, increasing the number of bins to define the material type from 7 materials to 8 materials, required 50% more operator time to improve the accuracy by 0.01% using PB and CC and 0.05% when using MC algorithms. The use of 5 values of HU (air, adipose, water, bone and metal implant) gave the best balance between dose accuracy and operator time (3.5 hours). For the patient with double hip prosthetics, segmenting CBCT into 5 materials with the MLT algorithm showed –0.46% dose difference with 8 hours operator time, whilst the automated MLT algorithm showed –1.36%. For the standard case, the segmentation of MR images, into 3 materials, resulted in a dose difference of –1.31% with 2 hours operator time. Conclusion: The segmentation of CBCT images using the method in this study can be used for dose calculation. For a simple phantom and standard prostate case, 2 and 3 values of HU were needed to improve dose calculation accuracy, respectively. For patients with additional anatomical inhomogeneities such as metallic hips, 5 values of HU were found to be needed, giving a reasonable balance between dose accuracy and operator time. The automated MLT algorithm reduced the operator time associated with implementing the MLT algorithm to achieve clinically acceptable accuracy. This saved time makes the automated MLT algorithm superior and easier to implement in the clinical setting. The MLT method can be applicable for the dose calculation on MR images and can be of interest to MRI-only based radiotherapy treatment planning

Six Decades of Flight Research: An Annotated Bibliography of Technical Publications of NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, 1946-2006

Titles, authors, report numbers, and abstracts are given for nearly 2900 unclassified and unrestricted technical reports and papers published from September 1946 to December 2006 by the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center and its predecessor organizations. These technical reports and papers describe and give the results of 60 years of flight research performed by the NACA and NASA, from the X-1 and other early X-airplanes, to the X-15, Space Shuttle, X-29 Forward Swept Wing, X-31, and X-43 aircraft. Some of the other research airplanes tested were the D-558, phase 1 and 2; M-2, HL-10 and X-24 lifting bodies; Digital Fly-By-Wire and Supercritical Wing F-8; XB-70; YF-12; AFTI F-111 TACT and MAW; F-15 HiDEC; F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle, F-18 Systems Research Aircraft and the NASA Landing Systems Research aircraft. The citations of reports and papers are listed in chronological order, with author and aircraft indices. In addition, in the appendices, citations of 270 contractor reports, more than 200 UCLA Flight System Research Center reports, nearly 200 Tech Briefs, 30 Dryden Historical Publications, and over 30 videotapes are included

Maskless nanolithography and imaging with diffractive optical arrays

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-228).Semiconductor lithography is at a crossroads. With mask set costs in excess of one million dollars, long mask turn-around times, and tools that are characterized by their inflexibility and skyrocketing costs, there is a need for a new paradigm in lithography. The work presented in this thesis, Zone-Plate-Array Lithography (ZPAL), bypasses some of the most pressing problems of current lithography equipment by developing a maskless lithography tool that will be scalable, flexible and cost-effective. It is the departure from a century-old tradition of refractive optics, in combination with the use of advanced micromechanics and fast computing, that enables ZPAL to open up a new application space in lithography. This thesis addresses in detail all levels of the ZPAL system, from the micromechanics, to the diffractive optics, to the control system. Special emphasis is placed on the design, fabrication and characterization of high-numerical-aperture diffractive optical elements for lithography and imaging. The results achieved provide conclusive evidence that diffractive optics in general, and zone plates in particular, are capable of state-of-the-art lithography.by Darío Gil.Ph.D

2016 Oklahoma Research Day Full Program

This document contains all abstracts from the 2016 Oklahoma Research Day held at Northeastern State University

EUROSENSORS XVII : book of abstracts

Fundação Calouste Gulbenkien (FCG).Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995)

The files on this record represent the various databases that originally composed the CD-ROM issue of "Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding" database, which is now part of the Dudley Knox Library's Abstracts and Selected Full Text Documents on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995) Collection. (See Calhoun record https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/57364 for further information on this collection and the bibliography). Due to issues of technological obsolescence preventing current and future audiences from accessing the bibliography, DKL exported and converted into the three files on this record the various databases contained in the CD-ROM. The contents of these files are: 1) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_xls.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.xls: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format; RDFA_Glossary.xls: Glossary of terms, in Excel 97-2003 Workbookformat; RDFA_Biographies.xls: Biographies of leading figures, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format]; 2) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_csv.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.TXT: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in CSV format; RDFA_Glossary.TXT: Glossary of terms, in CSV format; RDFA_Biographies.TXT: Biographies of leading figures, in CSV format]; 3) RDFA_CompleteBibliography.pdf: A human readable display of the bibliographic data, as a means of double-checking any possible deviations due to conversion