753 research outputs found

    Implantable Piezoresistive Microcantilever-based Wireless Cocaine Biosensors

    Get PDF
    Cocaine is a well-known, illegal, recreational drug that is addictive due to its effects on the mesolimbic reward pathway in the human body. Accurate and real-time measurement of the concentration of cocaine in the body as a function of time and physiological factors is a key requirement for the understanding of the use of this drug. Current methods for such measurements involve taking samples from the human body (such as blood, urine, and hair) and performing analytical chemistry tests on these samples. This techniques are relatively expensive, time consuming, and labor intensive. To address this issue, a new implantable sensor for the automated detection and measurement of the relative cocaine concentration is presented here. The device is more economical and provides for higher sampling frequencies than the current methods. The active sensor elements consist of piezoresistive microcantilever arrays, which are coated with an oligonucleotide-based aptamer, i.e. a short sequence of RNA with high affinity for specific target molecules, as the cocaine receptor. A Wheatstone bridge is used to convert the biosensor signal into an electronic signal. This signal is transmitted wireless at an operating frequency of 403.55 MHz, which complies with the US Medical Implant Communication System (MICS) FCC 47CFR Part 95. The limit of detection for the in vitro experiment is found to be 1 ng/ml. The device has successfully measured the relative concentration of cocaine upon implantation in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid of male Wistar rats

    Pursuing precision in medicine and nutrition: the rise of electrochemical biosensing at the molecular level

    Get PDF
    In the era that we seek personalization in material things, it is becoming increasingly clear that the individualized management of medicine and nutrition plays a key role in life expectancy and quality of life, allowing participation to some extent in our welfare and the use of societal resources in a rationale and equitable way. The implementation of precision medicine and nutrition are highly complex challenges which depend on the development of new technologies able to meet important requirements in terms of cost, simplicity, and versatility, and to determine both individually and simultaneously, almost in real time and with the required sensitivity and reliability, molecular markers of different omics levels in biofluids extracted, secreted (either naturally or stimulated), or circulating in the body. Relying on representative and pioneering examples, this review article critically discusses recent advances driving the position of electrochemical bioplatforms as one of the winning horses for the implementation of suitable tools for advanced diagnostics, therapy, and precision nutrition. In addition to a critical overview of the state of the art, including groundbreaking applications and challenges ahead, the article concludes with a personal vision of the imminent roadmap.The financial support of PID2019-103899RBI00 (Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), and PMP22/00084, PI17CIII/00045, PI20CIII/00019 and PI22/00727 (AES-ISCIII) cofounded with FEDER funds Research Projects and the TRANSNANOAVANSENS-CM Program from the Comunidad de Madrid (Grant S2018/NMT-4349) are gratefully acknowledged. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.S

    Developing integrated data fusion algorithms for a portable cargo screening detection system

    Get PDF
    Towards having a one size fits all solution to cocaine detection at borders; this thesis proposes a systematic cocaine detection methodology that can use raw data output from a fibre optic sensor to produce a set of unique features whose decisions can be combined to lead to reliable output. This multidisciplinary research makes use of real data sourced from cocaine analyte detecting fibre optic sensor developed by one of the collaborators - City University, London. This research advocates a two-step approach: For the first step, the raw sensor data are collected and stored. Level one fusion i.e. analyses, pre-processing and feature extraction is performed at this stage. In step two, using experimentally pre-determined thresholds, each feature decides on detection of cocaine or otherwise with a corresponding posterior probability. High level sensor fusion is then performed on this output locally to combine these decisions and their probabilities at time intervals. Output from every time interval is stored in the database and used as prior data for the next time interval. The final output is a decision on detection of cocaine. The key contributions of this thesis includes investigating the use of data fusion techniques as a solution for overcoming challenges in the real time detection of cocaine using fibre optic sensor technology together with an innovative user interface design. A generalizable sensor fusion architecture is suggested and implemented using the Bayesian and Dempster-Shafer techniques. The results from implemented experiments show great promise with this architecture especially in overcoming sensor limitations. A 5-fold cross validation system using a 12 13 - 1 Neural Network was used in validating the feature selection process. This validation step yielded 89.5% and 10.5% true positive and false alarm rates with 0.8 correlation coefficient. Using the Bayesian Technique, it is possible to achieve 100% detection whilst the Dempster Shafer technique achieves a 95% detection using the same features as inputs to the DF system

    A review on the role of emerging revolutionary nanotechnology in forensic investigations

    Get PDF
    Due to the unique properties of nanoparticles, it has gained prominence in lots of fields with extensive research being carried around it. With lots of novel applications arising from this field, Forensic science seems to be one of the fast-growing fields in nano research applications. The growing and extensive use of nanotechnology being applied in forensic investigations is promising and could soon be the tipping point in the discipline. Applications mainly have been related to evidence identification and analysis in the broad major fields in Forensic Science such as single-crystalline semiconductor CdS nano slabs for explosives detection, functionalized TiO2 nanorods for organophosphorus chemical warfare agents in Forensic Chemistry, the use of Nanopowders for latent print visualization in Forensic physics and Gold nanoparticle protein nanopore for detection of single-stranded DNA in Forensic biology. Nanotechnology has also been employed in illegal drug detection in recent times. These and other applications of Nanotechnology provides prompt and precise results with reduced methods due to the limited instruments used for analyzing evidence as well as providing sensitive and selective ways of detecting evidence. As evidence is notable in forensic investigations, nanotechnology’s use in identifying and detecting these has potential in enhancing and providing efficient and rapid means for investigations and unravelling leads into crimes. This review emphasizes some disciplines in forensic sciences in which nanotechnology is having an impact, novel methods and newly developed instruments and also takes into account its challenges as well as perspectives into the future

    Utilisation de la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique pour étudier les biocapteurs électrochimiques à base d'aptamère

    Get PDF
    Abstract : One of the significant challenges in the healthcare industry is medication errors, which can lead to severe consequences for patients, including adverse drug reactions and even death. Recently, to tackle this issue, personalized medicine solutions are emerging as potential alternatives to improve the efficiency with which drug dosing is achieved. Specifically, these approaches involve tailoring medical treatment to the specific needs of a patient based on their genetics, environments and lifestyles. To achieve true personalized medicine requires the development of analytical methods capable of providing real-time monitoring of molecules. To date, however, current analytical approaches, at best, only provide a single snapshot of one’s health and require venous draws that are sent to external laboratories where trained personnel perform analyses on cumbersome instrumentation. Biosensors, in contrast, can provide continuous and accurate measurements of various biomarkers and can allow for early detections providing information for early intervention. Additionally, biosensors can be used to monitor the efficacy of treatments and adjust medication dosages in real time, which can lead to better therapeutic outcomes. The development of personalized medicine and real-time monitoring sensing platforms has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry, providing better patient outcomes and improving the overall efficiency and quality of the healthcare system. Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors have emerged as candidates to develop personalized medicine tools. Being comprised of a redox-reporter-modified short nucleic acid sequence (i.e., aptamer) immobilized on an electrode surface affords real-time and continuous measurements of diverse molecular species, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules directly in undiluted complex matrices. The flexibility with which aptamers can be swapped in this sensing platform makes them an optimal platform for designing personalized medicine tools for diverse clinical applications. The widespread implementation of E-AB sensors has been hampered by their restricted aptamer affinity (μM−mM range), which falls short of covering the entire range of clinically relevant concentrations at which molecules need to be assessed. In the first part of this memoir, we investigated two electrochemical interrogation techniques, namely, square-wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in measuring the dissociation constants of E-AB sensors. The results revealed that although square-wave voltammetry has been the most used interrogation technique, it systematically yields aptamers’ dissociation constants higher than ones measured for the same aptamer with other techniques and thus in certain cases leaves E-AB sensors unable to measure the concentration of molecules in the target clinical range. We found that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in contrast, proved to be a superior technique due to its ability to deconvolute interfacial resistive and capacitive contributions to the measured current and quantify electrochemical processes occurring on several time scales with higher resolution. When comparing dissociation constants measured via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the gold standard method in aptamer characterization isothermal titration calorimetry we found that these were either within experimental errors or only 2−3-fold apart. Therefore, our study proposes that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a more reliable and accurate electrochemical technique compared to square-wave voltammetry for interrogating E-AB sensors. In the second part of this memoir, we discovered a new signal transduction mechanism for E-AB sensors which involves the widely used redox reporter methylene blue, which competes with ligand binding. The results demonstrated that methylene blue folds the aptamer we tested and dislodges ligands from its binding pocket. Consequently, the electrochemical properties of methylene blue change, leading to a measurable signal. Given the prevalence of methylene blue in E-AB sensors, this finding challenges the widely accepted conventional "conformational change" mechanism of E-AB sensors and suggests an alternative signal transduction scheme. Our study provides important insights into the underlying physicochemical properties at E-AB sensors’ surface and their fundamentals.L’occurrence d'erreurs médicamenteuses pouvant entraîner des conséquences graves pour les patients (réactions indésirables aux médicaments, décès, etc.) demeure un enjeu de taille pour les soins de santé. Récemment, pour faire face à ce problème, la médecine personnalisée a émergé comme une alternative efficace afin d’améliorer l'efficacité des prescriptions de médicaments. Cette approche consiste à adapter les traitements aux besoins spécifiques d'un patient en fonction de sa génétique, de son environnement et de son mode de vie. Toutefois, pour parvenir à une véritable médecine personnalisée, il est nécessaire de développer des méthodes analytiques capables de fournir un suivi en temps réel des molécules. À ce jour, les approches analytiques actuelles ne permettent au mieux qu'une seule mesure instantanée de l'état de santé et nécessitent des prélèvements veineux envoyés à des laboratoires externes où des professionnels qualifiés effectuent des analyses à l'aide d'instruments encombrants. En revanche, les biocapteurs peuvent fournir des mesures continues et précises de divers biomarqueurs et fournir des informations pour une intervention précoce. De plus, les biocapteurs peuvent être utilisés pour surveiller l'efficacité des traitements et ajuster les doses de médicaments en temps réel, ce qui peut conduire à de meilleurs résultats thérapeutiques. Le développement de la médecine personnalisée et de plateformes de surveillance en temps réel a le potentiel de révolutionner les soins de santé en améliorant la qualité et la qualité de résultats pour les patients. Les biocapteurs électrochimiques à base d'aptamères (E-AB) ont émergé comme des candidats pour le développement d'outils de médecine personnalisée. Composés d'une courte séquence d'acide nucléique spécifique à une cible moléculaire (un aptamère) modifiée par un rapporteur rédox immobilisé sur une surface d'électrode, ces capteurs permettent des mesures en temps réel et continues de diverses espèces moléculaires telles que des protéines, des acides nucléiques et des petites molécules directement dans des matrices complexes non diluées. La flexibilité avec laquelle les aptamères peuvent être échangés dans cette plateforme de détection en fait une plateforme optimale pour la conception d'outils de médecine personnalisée pour diverses applications cliniques. Toutefois, la mise en oeuvre des capteurs E-AB dans diverses applications a été entravée par la faible affinité des aptamères (dans la plage μM−mM), qui ne couvre pas l'ensemble de la plage de concentrations cliniquement pertinente sur laquelle les molécules doivent être quantifiées. Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous avons examiné deux techniques d'interrogation électrochimiques, à savoir la voltampérométrie à onde carrée et la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique, pour mesurer les constantes de dissociation des capteurs E-AB. Les résultats ont révélé que, bien que la voltampérométrie à onde carrée soit la technique d'interrogation la plus couramment utilisée, elle produit des constantes de dissociation des aptamères plus élevées que celles mesurées pour le même aptamère avec d'autres techniques, ce qui, dans certains cas, empêche les capteurs E-AB de mesurer la concentration des molécules dans la plage clinique cible. Nous avons constaté que la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique, en revanche, s'est révélée être une technique supérieure en raison de sa capacité à déconvoluer les contributions résistives et capacitives interfaciales au courant mesuré et à quantifier les processus électrochimiques se produisant à différentes échelles de temps avec une résolution plus élevée. Lors de la comparaison des constantes de dissociation mesurées par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique avec la méthode de référence en caractérisation d'aptamères, le titrage calorimétrique isotherme, nous avons constaté que ces constantes étaient soit dans les limites des erreurs expérimentales, ou différenciées par un facteur de 2 à 3. Par conséquent, notre étude propose que la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique soit une technique électrochimique plus fiable et précise par rapport à la voltampérométrie à onde carrée pour l'interrogation des capteurs E-AB. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, nous avons découvert un nouveau mécanisme de traduction du signal pour les capteurs E-AB, impliquant le rapporteur rédox largement utilisé, le bleu de méthylène, qui entre en compétition avec la liaison du ligand. Les résultats ont démontré que le bleu de méthylène replie l'aptamère que nous avons testé et déloge les ligands de sa poche de liaison. Par conséquent, les propriétés électrochimiques du bleu de méthylène changent, ce qui entraîne un signal mesurable. Étant donné la prévalence du bleu de méthylène dans les capteurs E-AB, cette découverte remet en question le mécanisme conventionnel largement accepté du "changement conformationnel" des capteurs E-AB et suggère un schéma alternatif de traduction du signal. Notre étude apporte des éclaircissements importants sur les propriétés physico-chimiques sous-jacentes à la surface des capteurs E-AB et leurs fondements

    Nanomaterials for Healthcare Biosensing Applications

    Get PDF
    In recent years, an increasing number of nanomaterials have been explored for their applications in biomedical diagnostics, making their applications in healthcare biosensing a rapidly evolving field. Nanomaterials introduce versatility to the sensing platforms and may even allow mobility between different detection mechanisms. The prospect of a combination of different nanomaterials allows an exploitation of their synergistic additive and novel properties for sensor development. This paper covers more than 290 research works since 2015, elaborating the diverse roles played by various nanomaterials in the biosensing field. Hence, we provide a comprehensive review of the healthcare sensing applications of nanomaterials, covering carbon allotrope-based, inorganic, and organic nanomaterials. These sensing systems are able to detect a wide variety of clinically relevant molecules, like nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria, cancer antigens, pharmaceuticals and narcotic drugs, toxins, contaminants, as well as entire cells in various sensing media, ranging from buffers to more complex environments such as urine, blood or sputum. Thus, the latest advancements reviewed in this paper hold tremendous potential for the application of nanomaterials in the early screening of diseases and point-of-care testing

    Investigations on the Use of Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Clinical Chemistry Applications

    Get PDF
    The major objective of this research is to examine ion mobility spectrometry as a rapid screening tool for specific application to clinical chemistry research and laboratory use. Methodology was developed for target analytes representing several classes of physiologically active substances, including anesthetics, illicit drugs, and their metabolites. The IMS characteristics of animal tissues and other compounds such as amino acids and proteins were determined. Quality assurance and control procedures were developed for specific quality data objectives. Criteria were established relating to use of IMS for assessing the precision and accuracy of data, qualitative screening, and semi-quantitative analyses. It was found that animal tissues and plasma harvested from rabbits can be characterized using IMS. The mobility spectra of these tissues were also found to contain peaks assigned to the anesthetics, Rompun and Ketaset, heparin, and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), a cocaine metabolite. Enhancement and retardation effects were identified with cocaine and its metabolites as well as with heroin, and its metabolite 6-acetylmorphine. A nonspecific interaction of heroin and morphine with animal tissues and different proteins was also identified using IMS. It was concluded that the use of IMS for clinical applications is feasible. The benefits and limitations of using IMS for clinical chemistry applications were identified

    The relationship between chemical concentration and odor activity value explains the inconsistency in making a comprehensive surrogate scent training tool representative of illicit drugs

    Get PDF
    This report highlights the importance of an individual chemical\u27s odor impact in the olfactory identification of marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. There are small amounts of highly odorous compounds present in headspace of these drugs, with very low odor detection thresholds, that are more likely responsible for contributing to the overall odor of these drugs. Previous reports of the most abundant compounds in headspace can mislead researchers when dealing with whole odor of these drugs. Surrogate scent formulations, therefore, must match the odor impact of key compounds and not just the chemical abundance of compounds. The objective of this study was to compare odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from illicit drug samples of marijuana, cocaine, and heroin to surrogate smell formulations using simultaneous sensory (via human olfaction) and chemical analyses. Use of solid phase microextraction (SPME) allowed VOCs in drug headspace to be extracted and pre-concentrated on site, and analyzed by multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry (MDGC–MS-O). Use of MDGC–MS-O allowed for further separation of odorous compounds and simultaneous detection by the human nose of the separate odor parts that make up the total aroma of these drugs. The compounds most abundant in headspace were not the most odor impactful when ranked by odor activity values (OAVs) (defined as ratio of concentration to odor detection threshold, ODT). There were no apparent correlations between concentrations and OAVs. A 1 g marijuana surrogate lacked in odor active acids, aldehydes, ethers, hydrocarbons, N-containing, and S-containing VOCs and was overabundant in odor active alcohols and aromatics compared with real marijuana. A 1 g cocaine surrogate was overabundant in odor active alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, esters, ethers, halogenates, hydrocarbons, ketones and N-containing compounds compared with real. A 1 g heroin surrogate should contain less odor active acids, alcohols, aromatics, esters, ketones, and N-containing compounds. Drug quantity, age and adulterants can affect VOC emissions and their odor impact. The concept of odor activity value, then, is useful to researchers without access to more sophisticated instrumentation. Odor activity values can be calculated from published odor detection thresholds. More research is warranted to expand the database, and determine odor detection thresholds for compounds of interest. Additional information could be obtained from establishing ODTs of key odorants for canines

    Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Probes for the Detection of Illicit Drugs

    Full text link
    [EN] The consumption of illicit drugs has increased exponentially in recent years and has become a problem that worries both governments and international institutions. The rapid emergence of new compounds, their easy access, the low levels at which these substances are able to produce an effect, and their short time of permanence in the organism make it necessary to develop highly rapid, easy, sensitive, and selective methods for their detection. Currently, the most widely used methods for drug detection are based on techniques that require large measurement times, the use of sophisticated equipment, and qualified personnel. Chromo- and fluorogenic methods are an alternative to those classical procedures.We thank the Spanish Government [projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER)] and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEOII/2014/047) for support. S.E.S thanks the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for his Juan de la Cierva contract. B.L.T and E.G. thank the Spanish Government for their predoctoral grants. L.P. also thanks the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for his predoctoral grant.Garrido-García, EM.; Pla, L.; Lozano-Torres, B.; El Sayed Shehata Nasr, S.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F. (2018). Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Probes for the Detection of Illicit Drugs. ChemistryOpen. 7(5):401-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201800034S40142875Komoroski, E. M., Komoroski, R. A., Valentine, J. L., Pearce, J. M., & Kearns, G. L. (2000). The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Detection of Drug Intoxication. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 24(3), 180-187. doi:10.1093/jat/24.3.180Drugs of Abuse: A DEA Resource Guide 2017World Drug Report 2017European Drug Report: Trends and Developments 2017Namera, A., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., & Nagao, M. (2011). Colorimetric detection and chromatographic analyses of designer drugs in biological materials: a comprehensive review. Forensic Toxicology, 29(1), 1-24. doi:10.1007/s11419-010-0107-9Namera, A., Kawamura, M., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., & Nagao, M. (2015). Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicology, 33(2), 175-194. doi:10.1007/s11419-015-0270-0Kidwell, D. A., Holland, J. C., & Athanaselis, S. (1998). Testing for drugs of abuse in saliva and sweat. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 713(1), 111-135. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00572-0Cappelle, D., De Doncker, M., Gys, C., Krysiak, K., De Keukeleire, S., Maho, W., … Neels, H. (2017). A straightforward, validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of nine drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair and nails. Analytica Chimica Acta, 960, 101-109. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.022Koster, R. A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., Greijdanus, B., VanDerNagel, J. E. L., & Uges, D. R. A. (2014). Fast and Highly Selective LC-MS/MS Screening for THC and 16 Other Abused Drugs and Metabolites in Human Hair to Monitor Patients for Drug Abuse. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 36(2), 234-243. doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182a377e8Li, Y., Uddayasankar, U., He, B., Wang, P., & Qin, L. (2017). Fast, Sensitive, and Quantitative Point-of-Care Platform for the Assessment of Drugs of Abuse in Urine, Serum, and Whole Blood. Analytical Chemistry, 89(16), 8273-8281. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01288De la Asunción-Nadal, V., Armenta, S., Garrigues, S., & de la Guardia, M. (2017). Identification and determination of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products by dry film attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. Talanta, 167, 344-351. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.026Risoluti, R., Materazzi, S., Gregori, A., & Ripani, L. (2016). Early detection of emerging street drugs by near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Talanta, 153, 407-413. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.044Andreou, C., Hoonejani, M. R., Barmi, M. R., Moskovits, M., & Meinhart, C. D. (2013). Rapid Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Saliva Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Microfluidics. ACS Nano, 7(8), 7157-7164. doi:10.1021/nn402563fHe, S., Liu, D., Wang, Z., Cai, K., & Jiang, X. (2011). Utilization of unmodified gold nanoparticles in colorimetric detection. Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 54(10), 1757-1765. doi:10.1007/s11433-011-4486-7Substance Abuse (Depressants or Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs) 2014Zhai, D., Agrawalla, B. K., Eng, P. S. F., Lee, S.-C., Xu, W., & Chang, Y.-T. (2013). Development of a fluorescent sensor for an illicit date rape drug – GBL. Chemical Communications, 49(55), 6170. doi:10.1039/c3cc43153cZhai, D., Tan, Y. Q. E., Xu, W., & Chang, Y.-T. (2014). Development of a fluorescent sensor for illicit date rape drug GHB. Chemical Communications, 50(22), 2904. doi:10.1039/c3cc49603aBaumes, L. A., Buaki Sogo, M., Montes-Navajas, P., Corma, A., & Garcia, H. (2010). A Colorimetric Sensor Array for the Detection of the Date-Rape Drug γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Supramolecular Approach. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(15), 4489-4495. doi:10.1002/chem.200903127Wang, W., Dong, Z.-Z., Yang, G., Leung, C.-H., Lin, S., & Ma, D.-L. (2017). A long-lived iridium(iii) chemosensor for the real-time detection of GHB. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 5(15), 2739-2742. doi:10.1039/c6tb03396bMorris, J. A. (2007). Modified Cobalt Thiocyanate Presumptive Color Test for Ketamine Hydrochloride. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(1), 84-87. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00331.xMerck Manual Drug Information 2014Argente-García, A., Jornet-Martínez, N., Herráez-Hernández, R., & Campíns-Falcó, P. (2017). A passive solid sensor for in-situ colorimetric estimation of the presence of ketamine in illicit drug samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 253, 1137-1144. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.07.183ELMOSALLAMY, M. A. F., & AMIN, A. S. (2014). New Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Dextromethorphan in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Analytical Sciences, 30(3), 419-425. doi:10.2116/analsci.30.419Mohseni, N., & Bahram, M. (2016). Mean centering of ratio spectra for colorimetric determination of morphine and codeine in pharmaceuticals and biological samples using melamine modified gold nanoparticles. Anal. Methods, 8(37), 6739-6747. doi:10.1039/c6ay02091gSAKAI, T., & OHNO, N. (1986). Spectrophotometric determination of stimulant drugs in urine by color reaction with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester. Analytical Sciences, 2(3), 275-279. doi:10.2116/analsci.2.275Sakai, T., & Ohno, N. (1987). Improved determination of methamphetamine, ephedrine and methylephedrine in urine by extraction-thermospectrometry. The Analyst, 112(2), 149. doi:10.1039/an9871200149Argente-García, A., Jornet-Martínez, N., Herráez-Hernández, R., & Campíns-Falcó, P. (2016). A solid colorimetric sensor for the analysis of amphetamine-like street samples. Analytica Chimica Acta, 943, 123-130. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.020Guler, E., Yilmaz Sengel, T., Gumus, Z. P., Arslan, M., Coskunol, H., Timur, S., & Yagci, Y. (2017). Mobile Phone Sensing of Cocaine in a Lateral Flow Assay Combined with a Biomimetic Material. Analytical Chemistry, 89(18), 9629-9632. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03017Choodum, A., Parabun, K., Klawach, N., Daeid, N. N., Kanatharana, P., & Wongniramaikul, W. (2014). Real time quantitative colourimetric test for methamphetamine detection using digital and mobile phone technology. Forensic Science International, 235, 8-13. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.11.018Choodum, A., Kanatharana, P., Wongniramaikul, W., & NicDaeid, N. (2015). A sol–gel colorimetric sensor for methamphetamine detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 215, 553-560. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.03.089Moreno, D., Greñu, B. D. de, García, B., Ibeas, S., & Torroba, T. (2012). A turn-on fluorogenic probe for detection of MDMA from ecstasy tablets. Chemical Communications, 48(24), 2994. doi:10.1039/c2cc17823kFu, Y., Shi, L., Zhu, D., He, C., Wen, D., He, Q., … Cheng, J. (2013). Fluorene–thiophene-based thin-film fluorescent chemosensor for methamphetamine vapor by thiophene–amine interaction. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 180, 2-7. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2011.10.031He, M., Peng, H., Wang, G., Chang, X., Miao, R., Wang, W., & Fang, Y. (2016). Fabrication of a new fluorescent film and its superior sensing performance to N-methamphetamine in vapor phase. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 227, 255-262. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.12.048Lozano-Torres, B., Pascual, L., Bernardos, A., Marcos, M. D., Jeppesen, J. O., Salinas, Y., … Sancenón, F. (2017). Pseudorotaxane capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) detection in water. Chemical Communications, 53(25), 3559-3562. doi:10.1039/c7cc00186jHe, C., He, Q., Deng, C., Shi, L., Fu, Y., Cao, H., & Cheng, J. (2011). Determination of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride by highly fluorescent polyfluorene with NH2-terminated side chains. Synthetic Metals, 161(3-4), 293-297. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.11.038Masseroni, D., Biavardi, E., Genovese, D., Rampazzo, E., Prodi, L., & Dalcanale, E. (2015). A fluorescent probe for ecstasy. Chemical Communications, 51(64), 12799-12802. doi:10.1039/c5cc04760aReviriego, F., Navarro, P., García-España, E., Albelda, M. T., Frías, J. C., Domènech, A., … Ortí, E. (2008). Diazatetraester 1H-Pyrazole Crowns as Fluorescent Chemosensors for AMPH, METH, MDMA (Ecstasy), and Dopamine. Organic Letters, 10(22), 5099-5102. doi:10.1021/ol801732tYamada, H., Ikeda-Wada, S., & Oguri, K. (1999). Highly Specific and Convenient Color Reaction for Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Related Drugs Using Chromotropic Acid. Application as a Drug Screening Test. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE, 45(6), 303-308. doi:10.1248/jhs.45.303Matsuda, K., Fukuzawa, T., Ishii, Y., & Yamada, H. (2007). Color reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines with chromotropic acid: its improvement and application to the screening of seized tablets. Forensic Toxicology, 25(1), 37-40. doi:10.1007/s11419-007-0022-xRouhani, S., & Haghgoo, S. (2015). A novel fluorescence nanosensor based on 1,8-naphthalimide-thiophene doped silica nanoparticles, and its application to the determination of methamphetamine. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 209, 957-965. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.12.035Maue, M., & Schrader, T. (2005). A Color Sensor for Catecholamines. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(15), 2265-2270. doi:10.1002/anie.200462702Maue, M., & Schrader, T. (2005). A Color Sensor for Catecholamines. Angewandte Chemie, 117(15), 2305-2310. doi:10.1002/ange.200462702Mosnaim, A. D., & Inwang, E. E. (1973). A spectrophotometric method for the quantification of 2-phenylethylamine in biological specimens. Analytical Biochemistry, 54(2), 561-577. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(73)90388-6Wang, D., Liu, T.-J., Zhang, W.-C., Zhang, W.-C., Slaven IV, W. T., & Li, C.-J. (1998). Enantiomeric discrimination of chiral amines with new fluorescent chemosensors. Chemical Communications, (16), 1747-1748. doi:10.1039/a802855iEl-Didamony, A. M., & Gouda, A. A. (2010). A novel spectrofluorimetric method for the assay of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations via derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. Luminescence, 26(6), 510-517. doi:10.1002/bio.1261Mazina, J., Aleksejev, V., Ivkina, T., Kaljurand, M., & Poryvkina, L. (2012). Qualitative detection of illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin and MDMA) in seized street samples based on SFS data and ANN: validation of method. Journal of Chemometrics, 26(8-9), 442-455. doi:10.1002/cem.2462Sefah, K., Shangguan, D., Xiong, X., O’Donoghue, M. B., & Tan, W. (2010). Development of DNA aptamers using Cell-SELEX. Nature Protocols, 5(6), 1169-1185. doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.66Shi, Q., Shi, Y., Pan, Y., Yue, Z., Zhang, H., & Yi, C. (2014). Colorimetric and bare eye determination of urinary methylamphetamine based on the use of aptamers and the salt-induced aggregation of unmodified gold nanoparticles. Microchimica Acta, 182(3-4), 505-511. doi:10.1007/s00604-014-1349-8Mao, K., Yang, Z., Du, P., Xu, Z., Wang, Z., & Li, X. (2016). G-quadruplex–hemin DNAzyme molecular beacon probe for the detection of methamphetamine. RSC Advances, 6(67), 62754-62759. doi:10.1039/c6ra04912eShlyahovsky, B., Li, D., Weizmann, Y., Nowarski, R., Kotler, M., & Willner, I. (2007). Spotlighting of Cocaine by an Autonomous Aptamer-Based Machine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(13), 3814-3815. doi:10.1021/ja069291nWang, F., Freage, L., Orbach, R., & Willner, I. (2013). Autonomous Replication of Nucleic Acids by Polymerization/Nicking Enzyme/DNAzyme Cascades for the Amplified Detection of DNA and the Aptamer–Cocaine Complex. Analytical Chemistry, 85(17), 8196-8203. doi:10.1021/ac4013094Wang, J., Song, J., Wang, X., Wu, S., Zhao, Y., Luo, P., & Meng, C. (2016). An ATMND/SGI based label-free and fluorescence ratiometric aptasensor for rapid and highly sensitive detection of cocaine in biofluids. Talanta, 161, 437-442. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.039Huang, J., Chen, Y., Yang, L., Zhu, Z., Zhu, G., Yang, X., … Tan, W. (2011). Amplified detection of cocaine based on strand-displacement polymerization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 28(1), 450-453. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.038Zhang, C., & Johnson, L. W. (2009). Single Quantum-Dot-Based Aptameric Nanosensor for Cocaine. Analytical Chemistry, 81(8), 3051-3055. doi:10.1021/ac802737bEmrani, A. S., Danesh, N. M., Ramezani, M., Taghdisi, S. M., & Abnous, K. (2016). A novel fluorescent aptasensor based on hairpin structure of complementary strand of aptamer and nanoparticles as a signal amplification approach for ultrasensitive detection of cocaine. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 79, 288-293. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.025Roncancio, D., Yu, H., Xu, X., Wu, S., Liu, R., Debord, J., … Xiao, Y. (2014). A Label-Free Aptamer-Fluorophore Assembly for Rapid and Specific Detection of Cocaine in Biofluids. Analytical Chemistry, 86(22), 11100-11106. doi:10.1021/ac503360nGuler, E., Bozokalfa, G., Demir, B., Gumus, Z. P., Guler, B., Aldemir, E., … Coskunol, H. (2016). An aptamer folding-based sensory platform decorated with nanoparticles for simple cocaine testing. Drug Testing and Analysis, 9(4), 578-587. doi:10.1002/dta.1992Ribes, À., Xifré -Pérez, E., Aznar, E., Sancenón, F., Pardo, T., Marsal, L. F., & Martínez-Máñez, R. (2016). Molecular gated nanoporous anodic alumina for the detection of cocaine. Scientific Reports, 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep38649Marsal, L. F., Vojkuvka, L., Formentin, P., Pallarés, J., & Ferré-Borrull, J. (2009). Fabrication and optical characterization of nanoporous alumina films annealed at different temperatures. Optical Materials, 31(6), 860-864. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2008.09.008Oroval, M., Coronado-Puchau, M., Langer, J., Sanz-Ortiz, M. N., Ribes, Á., Aznar, E., … Martínez-Máñez, R. (2016). Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering and Gated Materials for Sensing Applications: The Ultrasensitive Detection ofMycoplasmaand Cocaine. Chemistry - A European Journal, 22(38), 13488-13495. doi:10.1002/chem.201602457Stojanovic, M. N., de Prada, P., & Landry, D. W. (2000). Fluorescent Sensors Based on Aptamer Self-Assembly. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(46), 11547-11548. doi:10.1021/ja0022223Stojanovic, M. N., de Prada, P., & Landry, D. W. (2001). Aptamer-Based Folding Fluorescent Sensor for Cocaine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(21), 4928-4931. doi:10.1021/ja0038171Stojanovic, M. N., & Landry, D. W. (2002). Aptamer-Based Colorimetric Probe for Cocaine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(33), 9678-9679. doi:10.1021/ja0259483Liu, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2017). Direct fluorescence anisotropy assay for cocaine using tetramethylrhodamine-labeled aptamer. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409(16), 3993-4000. doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0349-zZhou, Z., Du, Y., & Dong, S. (2011). Double-Strand DNA-Templated Formation of Copper Nanoparticles as Fluorescent Probe for Label-Free Aptamer Sensor. Analytical Chemistry, 83(13), 5122-5127. doi:10.1021/ac200120gShi, Y., Dai, H., Sun, Y., Hu, J., Ni, P., & Li, Z. (2013). Fluorescent sensing of cocaine based on a structure switching aptamer, gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide. The Analyst, 138(23), 7152. doi:10.1039/c3an00897eZhang, Y., Sun, Z., Tang, L., Zhang, H., & Zhang, G.-J. (2016). Aptamer based fluorescent cocaine assay based on the use of graphene oxide and exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification. Microchimica Acta, 183(10), 2791-2797. doi:10.1007/s00604-016-1923-3Zhang, J., Wang, L., Pan, D., Song, S., Boey, F. Y. C., Zhang, H., & Fan, C. (2008). Visual Cocaine Detection with Gold Nanoparticles and Rationally Engineered Aptamer Structures. Small, 4(8), 1196-1200. doi:10.1002/smll.200800057Li, Y., Ji, X., & Liu, B. (2011). Chemiluminescence aptasensor for cocaine based on double-functionalized gold nanoprobes and functionalized magnetic microbeads. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 401(1), 213-219. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5064-6Zou, R., Lou, X., Ou, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Yuan, M., … Liu, Y. (2012). Highly specific triple-fragment aptamer for optical detection of cocaine. RSC Advances, 2(11), 4636. doi:10.1039/c2ra20307cZhang, S., Wang, L., Liu, M., Qiu, Y., Wang, M., Liu, X., … Yu, R. (2016). A novel, label-free fluorescent aptasensor for cocaine detection based on a G-quadruplex and ruthenium polypyridyl complex molecular light switch. Analytical Methods, 8(18), 3740-3746. doi:10.1039/c6ay00231eTang, Y., Long, F., Gu, C., Wang, C., Han, S., & He, M. (2016). Reusable split-aptamer-based biosensor for rapid detection of cocaine in serum by using an all-fiber evanescent wave optical biosensing platform. Analytica Chimica Acta, 933, 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.021Wang, L., Musile, G., & McCord, B. R. (2017). An aptamer-based paper microfluidic device for the colorimetric determination of cocaine. ELECTROPHORESIS, 39(3), 470-475. doi:10.1002/elps.201700254Liu, J., & Lu, Y. (2006). Fast Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine and Cocaine Based on a General Sensor Design Involving Aptamers and Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45(1), 90-94. doi:10.1002/anie.200502589Liu, J., & Lu, Y. (2006). Fast Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine and Cocaine Based on a General Sensor Design Involving Aptamers and Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie, 118(1), 96-100. doi:10.1002/ange.200502589He, M., Li, Z., Ge, Y., & Liu, Z. (2016). Portable Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based Paper Device for Field Testing of Drug Abuse. Analytical Chemistry, 88(3), 1530-1534. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04863Qiu, L., Zhou, H., Zhu, W., Qiu, L., Jiang, J., Shen, G., & Yu, R. (2013). A novel label-free fluorescence aptamer-based sensor method for cocaine detection based on isothermal circular strand-displacement amplification and graphene oxide absorption. New Journal of Chemistry, 37(12), 3998. doi:10.1039/c3nj00594aArslan, M., Yilmaz Sengel, T., Guler, E., Gumus, Z. P., Aldemir, E., Akbulut, H., … Yagci, Y. (2017). Double fluorescence assay via a β-cyclodextrin containing conjugated polymer as a biomimetic material for cocaine sensing. Polymer Chemistry, 8(21), 3333-3340. doi:10.1039/c7py00420fMao, K., Yang, Z., Li, J., Zhou, X., Li, X., & Hu, J. (2017). A novel colorimetric biosensor based on non-aggregated Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles for methamphetamine and cocaine detection. Talanta, 175, 338-346. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.011Ma, D.-L., Wang, M., He, B., Yang, C., Wang, W., & Leung, C.-H. (2015). A Luminescent Cocaine Detection Platform Using a Split G-Quadruplex-Selective Iridium(III) Complex and a Three-Way DNA Junction Architecture. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 7(34), 19060-19067. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b05861Du, Y., Li, B., Guo, S., Zhou, Z., Zhou, M., Wang, E., & Dong, S. (2011). G-Quadruplex-based DNAzyme for colorimetric detection ofcocaine: Using magnetic nanoparticles as the separation and amplification element. The Analyst, 136(3), 493-497. doi:10.1039/c0an00557fZhang, K., Wang, K., Zhu, X., Zhang, J., Xu, L., Huang, B., & Xie, M. (2014). Label-free and ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of cocaine based on a strategy that utilizes DNA-templated silver nanoclusters and the nicking endonuclease-assisted signal amplification method. Chem. Commun., 50(2), 180-182. doi:10.1039/c3cc47418fZhou, J., Ellis, A. V., Kobus, H., & Voelcker, N. H. (2012). Aptamer sensor for cocaine using minor groove binder based energy transfer. Analytica Chimica Acta, 719, 76-81. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.011Drug Facts 2016Baudot, P., & Andre, J.-C. (1983). A Low-Cost Differential Fluorimeter for the Detection and Determination of LSD in Illicit Preparations. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 7(2), 69-71. doi:10.1093/jat/7.2.69Mohseni, N., Bahram, M., & Baheri, T. (2017). Chemical nose for discrimination of opioids based on unmodified gold nanoparticles. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 250, 509-517. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.145Shcherbakova, E. G., Zhang, B., Gozem, S., Minami, T., Zavalij, P. Y., Pushina, M., … Anzenbacher, P. (2017). Supramolecular Sensors for Opiates and Their Metabolites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(42), 14954-14960. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b0637
    corecore