AN ENHANCED TIBIA FRACTURE DETECTION TOOL USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION FUSION TECHNIQUES IN X-RAY IMAGES

Automatic detection of fractures from x-ray images is considered as an important process in medical image analysis by both orthopaedic and radiologic point of view. This paper proposes a fusion-classification technique for automatic fracture detection from long bones, in particular the leg bones (Tibia bones). The proposed system has four steps, namely, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and bone detect ion, which uses an amalgamation of image processing techniques for successful detection of fractures. Three classifiers, Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN), Support Vector Machine Classifiers (SVM) and NaEF;ve Bayes Classifiers (NB) are used during fusion classification. The results from various experiments prove that the proposed system is shows significant improvement in terms of detection rate and speed of classification

Mandibular bone structure, bone mineral density, and clinical variables as fracture predictors: a 15-year follow-up of female patients in a dental clinic

ObjectiveTo compare three mandibular trabeculation evaluation methods, clinical variables, and osteoporosis as fracture predictors in women.Study designOne hundred and thirty-six female dental patients (35-94 years) answered a questionnaire in 1996 and 2011. Using intra-oral radiographs from 1996, five methods were compared as fracture predictors: (1) mandibular bone structure evaluated with a visual radiographic index, (2) bone texture, (3) size and number of intertrabecular spaces calculated with Jaw-X software, (4) fracture probability calculated with a fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX), and (5) osteoporosis diagnosis based on dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry. Differences were assessed with the Mann–Whitney test and relative risk calculated.ResultsPrevious fracture, gluco-corticoid medication, and bone texture were significant indicators of future and total (previous plus future) fracture. Osteoporosis diagnosis, sparse trabeculation, Jaw-X, and FRAX were significant predictors of total but not future fracture.ConclusionClinical and oral bone variables may identify individuals at greatest risk of fracture

The Founder’s Lecture 2009: advances in imaging of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

The objective of this review article is to provide an update on new developments in imaging of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis over the past three decades. A literature review is presented that summarizes the highlights in the development of bone mineral density measurements, bone structure imaging, and vertebral fracture assessment in osteoporosis as well as MR-based semiquantitative assessment of osteoarthritis and quantitative cartilage matrix imaging. This review focuses on techniques that have impacted patient management and therapeutic decision making or that potentially will affect patient care in the near future. Results of pertinent studies are presented and used for illustration. In summary, novel developments have significantly impacted imaging of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis over the past three decades

Mapping Trabecular Bone Fabric Tensor by in Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The mechanical competence of bone depends upon its quantity, structural arrangement, and chemical composition. Assessment of these factors is important for the evaluation of bone integrity, particularly as the skeleton remodels according to external (e.g. mechanical loading) and internal (e.g. hormonal changes) stimuli. Micro magnetic resonance imaging (µMRI) has emerged as a non-invasive and non-ionizing method well-suited for the repeated measurements necessary for monitoring changes in bone integrity. However, in vivo image-based directional dependence of trabecular bone (TB) has not been linked to mechanical competence or fracture risk despite the existence of convincing ex vivo evidence. The objective of this dissertation research was to develop a means of capturing the directional dependence of TB by assessing a fabric tensor on the basis of in vivo µMRI. To accomplish this objective, a novel approach for calculating the TB fabric tensor based on the spatial autocorrelation function was developed and evaluated in the presence of common limitations to in vivo µMRI. Comparisons were made to the standard technique of mean-intercept-length (MIL). Relative to MIL, ACF was identified as computationally faster by over an order of magnitude and more robust within the range of the resolutions and SNRs achievable in vivo. The potential for improved sensitivity afforded by isotropic resolution was also investigated in an improved µMR imaging protocol at 3T. Measures of reproducibility and reliability indicate the potential of images with isotropic resolution to provide enhanced sensitivity to orientation-dependent measures of TB, however overall reproducibility suffered from the sacrifice in SNR. Finally, the image-derived TB fabric tensor was validated through its relationship with TB mechanical competence in specimen and in vivo µMR images. The inclusion of trabecular bone fabric measures significantly improved the bone volume fraction-based prediction of elastic constants calculated by micro-finite element analysis. This research established a method for detecting TB fabric tensor in vivo and identified the directional dependence of TB as an important determinant of TB mechanical competence

New Imaging Modalities in Bone

The digital era has witnessed an exponential growth in bone imaging as new modalities and analytic techniques improve the potential for noninvasive study of bone anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Bone imaging very much lends itself to input across medical and engineering disciplines. It is in part a reflection of this multidisciplinary input that developments in the field of bone imaging over the past 30 years have in some respects outshone those in many other fields of medicine. These developments have resulted in much deeper knowledge of bone macrostructure and microstructure in osteoporosis and a much better understanding of the subtle changes that occur with age, concurrent disease, and treatment. This new knowledge is already being translated into improved day-to day clinical care with better recognition, treatment, and monitoring of the osteoporotic process. As “the more you know, the more you know you don’t know” certainly holds true with osteoporosis and bone disease, there is little doubt that further advances in bone imaging and analytical techniques will continue to hold center stage in osteoporosis and related research

Наноструктурне и микроархитектонске карактеристике врата бутне кости: утицај на повећану коштану фрагилност са старењем код жена

Background: Hip fractures are among the most important health problems in elderly population worldwide, particularly in elderly women. However, despite extensive research on age-related bone fragility, the factors leading to decreased bone strength in advanced age are not yet clear enough. Indeed, in clinical settings bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry has been used as an indicator of hip fracture risk. However, as it has been already pointed out that age-related decrease in BMD fails to fully explain the high increase in hip fracture risk with aging, other bone features also account for age-related deterioration in bone strength. Since bone is a hierarchically organized structure, it can be hypothesized that its strength depends on various features from nano-scale to macro-scale. Although numerous studies addressed macro- and microstructural basis of bone fragility, so far the direct data at microarchitectural level have been scarce. Moreover, nanostructure of the bone mineralized matrix has received insufficient attention with regard to effects of aging and its relation to bone fragility. Hypotheses: Our hypotheses were that region-dependant worsening of bone microarchitecture in elderly women leads to increased femoral neck fragility, and that - besides the microarchitectural deterioration - the age-related nanostructural changes at the bone matrix level contribute to increased bone fragility in elderly women. Material and methods: To test these hypotheses, we analyzed bone specimens from the femoral neck region obtained at autopsy in young and elderly women without hip fracture as well as in a group of postmenopausal women who sustained a hip fracture. Following sectioning process, micro-computed tomography was performed to assess bone microarchitectural properties. Bone nanostructure was analyzed via Topography and Phase modes of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), while chemical evaluation of bone material composition encompassed energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, quantitative backscatter electron imaging, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and direct current argon arc plasma optical emission spectrometry...Увод: Преломи кука су један од најзначајнијих здравствених проблема код старих особа широм света, а посебно код старијих жена. Међутим, упркос многобројним истраживањима узрока фрагилности скелета код старијих особа, још увек се врло мало зна о чиниоцима који доводе до смањене чврстоће кости у старости. Минерална густина кости (bone mineral density, BMD) утврђена применом дензитометријске методе (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA) је дуго сматрана главним показатељем коштане чврстоће и до данас коришћена у клиничкој процени коштане фрагилности и ризика за прелом кука. Међутим, будући да је више аутора указало на податак да старосни пад BMD не може потпуно објаснити значајни пораст ризика oд преломa кука код старијих особа, неопходно је испитати и допринос других коштаних карактеристика смањењу коштане чврстоће са старењем. Како је кост хијерархијски организована структура, може се претпоставити да њена чврстоћа зависи од различитих елемената коштане грађе од нанометарске до макро-скале. Премда су се многобројне студије усредсредиле на испитивање макроструктурне и микроструктурне основе коштане фрагилности, још увек недостају директни подаци о микроархитектури костију код особа са преломом кука. Поред тога, старосним променама наноструктурних параметара самог материјала од кога је кост изграђена није посвећена одговарајућа пажња, као ни њиховом значају за коштану фрагилност. Хипотеза: Нашe хипотезе су биле да регион-зависно погоршање коштане микроархитектуре код старијих жена повећава њихов ризик за прелом кука, као и да се, осим микроструктурних промена, са старењем јављају и наноструктурне промене на нивоу коштаног матрикса које такође доприносе повећаној коштаној фрагилности код старијих жена..

Patella radiograph image texture: The correlation with lumbar spine bone mineral density values

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disease that is frequently overlooked. This disease primarily affects adult women and causes bone thinness and fragility, which leads to fractures. DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) is used to diagnose osteoporosis by measuring bone mineral density. These devices are expensive and not widely available for treatment. This study aimed to find a correlation between the texture value of an image of the patellar bone and the density of the lumbar spine, which can then be used to detect osteoporosis. This study's sample size was 19 subjects, and their bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA. An X-ray was then taken to obtain an image of the genu bone. The stages of the research are as follows: 1) preparing the X-ray image of the bone; 2) determining the image texture value method of gray level co-occurrence matrix 3) investigating the relationship between texture values and BMD in the lumbar spine. The correlation test results revealed a statistically significant correlation between the texture value and the BMD of the lumbar spine for the correlation and variance characteristics (P less than 0.05). As a result, the value of the texture of the image of the patella bone can be used to detect osteoporosis

Survey of mri usefulness for the clinical assessment of bone microstructure

open8siFunding: E.S. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skodowska-Curie grant agreement No713750. Additionally, it has been carried out with the financial support of the Regional Council of Provence Alpes-Côte d’Azur and with the financial support of the A*MIDEX (n◦ ANR- 11-IDEX-0001-02), funded by the “Investissements d’Avenir” project funded by the French Government, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). No authors is affiliated to an Intergovernmental Organization.Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the diagnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients’ risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture. To date, MRI is the only completely non‐invasive and non‐ionizing imaging modality that can assess both cortical and trabecular bone in vivo. In this review article, we reported a survey regarding the clinically relevant information MRI could provide for the assessment of the inner trabecular morphology of different bone segments. The last section will be devoted to the upcoming MRI applications (MR spectroscopy and chemical shift encoding MRI, solid state MRI and quantitative susceptibility mapping), which could provide additional biomarkers for the assessment of bone microarchitecture.openSoldati E.; Rossi F.; Vicente J.; Guenoun D.; Pithioux M.; Iotti S.; Malucelli E.; Bendahan D.Soldati E.; Rossi F.; Vicente J.; Guenoun D.; Pithioux M.; Iotti S.; Malucelli E.; Bendahan D