12,286 research outputs found

    Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – First results of the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM)

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    Using measurements of the surface-ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and 14 different pCO2 mapping methods recently collated by the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM) initiative, variations in regional and global sea–air CO2 fluxes are investigated. Though the available mapping methods use widely different approaches, we find relatively consistent estimates of regional pCO2 seasonality, in line with previous estimates. In terms of interannual variability (IAV), all mapping methods estimate the largest variations to occur in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Despite considerable spread in the detailed variations, mapping methods that fit the data more closely also tend to agree more closely with each other in regional averages. Encouragingly, this includes mapping methods belonging to complementary types – taking variability either directly from the pCO2 data or indirectly from driver data via regression. From a weighted ensemble average, we find an IAV amplitude of the global sea–air CO2 flux of 0.31 PgC yr−1 (standard deviation over 1992–2009), which is larger than simulated by biogeochemical process models. From a decadal perspective, the global ocean CO2 uptake is estimated to have gradually increased since about 2000, with little decadal change prior to that. The weighted mean net global ocean CO2 sink estimated by the SOCOM ensemble is −1.75 PgC yr−1 (1992–2009), consistent within uncertainties with estimates from ocean-interior carbon data or atmospheric oxygen trend

    Astrofüüsikaliste struktuuride uurimine klasteranalüüsi meetoditega

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    Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneAntud doktoritöös uurime klasteranalüüsi meetodite abil kahte tüüpi astrofüüsikalisi andmeid – suureskaalalisi galaktikate punanihke vaatluseid ja suuri superarvuti simulatsioone turbulentsest kineetilisest plasmast. Töö esimeses pooles uurime Universumi struktuuri kõige domineerivamat elementi – galaktilisi filamente. Enamus Universumi galaktikaid asuvad nendes pikkades sildades, mis ühendavad sfäärilisi galaktikate parvi ja peaaegu tühjasid hoomamatuid tühikuid. Filamentvõrgustiku kaardistamine on väga olulise tähtsusega, sest see aitab meil mõista selles leiduvate galaktikate evolutsiooni ja galaktikatevahelist ainet. Antud töös leiame senini varjatud mustri galaktikate paiknemises piki filamente, mis viitab galaktikate evolutsiooni mõjutavatele keskkonna teguritele. Seejärel kinnitame uue galaktikateandmestiku ja filamentvõrgustiku ruumilise klasterdumise, mis kinnitab antud võrgustiku õigsust ja motiveerib neid uusi galaktikaid tuleviku modelleerimisel kasutama. Töö teises pooles uurime pilte, mis on saadud magneetiliselt domineeritud astrofüüsikalise plasma simulatsioonist. Antud mudel simuleerib füüsikalist fenomeni, mis leidub galaktikate klastrites, mustade aukude akretsiooniketastes, Päikese koroonas ja isegi tuumasünteesi reaktorites. Kõrgelt laetud osakesed väljuvad antud plasmast teatud füüsikaliste protsesside käigus, mida pole veel täielikult mõistetud. Selle mõistmiseks tuleb detekteerida erinevad füüsikalised struktuurid, mis plasmas leiduvad. Antud töös rakendame juhendamata masinõppe meetodit ning kaardistame plasmas olevad struktuurid piksli täpsusega. Sealhulgas need objektid, mis kiirendavad osakesi plasmast lahkuma. Töös arendatakse ka ansambelõppe raamistik, mis tõstab oluliselt struktuuride kaardistamise täpsust. Antud töö demonstreerib klasteranalüüsi algoritmide võimekust füüsikaliste fenomenide uurimisel.In this PhD thesis, two classes of astrophysical datasets – large scale galaxy redshift surveys and large supercomputer simulations of fully-kinetic turbulent plasma – are studied with clustering algorithms. In the first part we investigate the most dominant structure element of the Universe: the galaxy filaments. Majority of galaxies in the Universe reside in these galaxy filaments, which are long bridges connecting spherical high-density regions of galaxies and border immense voids almost without galaxies. Mapping the structure from observational galaxy datasets is of utmost importance for understanding the objects residing inside them, that is, galaxies and the intergalactic medium. In this work, we reveal a hidden pattern in the locations of galaxies residing inside these structures, which sheds light on environmental effects governing the evolution of galaxies. Then, we trace the detected galaxy filaments with a new observational dataset of galaxies, and prove the detected network. This motivates the use of these new datasets in the future modeling of the Universe. In the second part of this thesis we study images originating from simulations of turbulent magnetically dominated plasma, which models the physical phenomena observed in galaxy clusters, black hole accretion disks, solar corona, and even in fusion reactors. Physical phenomena responsible for the excitation of particles inside the plasma are not yet fully understood. In order to understand the underlying physics, the physical structures inside the plasma need to be detected. We apply an unsupervised machine learning algorithm on these images; and detect the physical structures pixel-by-pixel, including those responsible for the ejection of particles. We also develop an ensemble framework to improve the accuracy of the results. This thesis demonstrates the great potential and value of clustering analysis tools, from a wide spectrum of concepts, for revealing and understanding physical phenomena.https://www.ester.ee/record=b539540

    Thirty Years of Machine Learning: The Road to Pareto-Optimal Wireless Networks

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    Future wireless networks have a substantial potential in terms of supporting a broad range of complex compelling applications both in military and civilian fields, where the users are able to enjoy high-rate, low-latency, low-cost and reliable information services. Achieving this ambitious goal requires new radio techniques for adaptive learning and intelligent decision making because of the complex heterogeneous nature of the network structures and wireless services. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have great success in supporting big data analytics, efficient parameter estimation and interactive decision making. Hence, in this article, we review the thirty-year history of ML by elaborating on supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning. Furthermore, we investigate their employment in the compelling applications of wireless networks, including heterogeneous networks (HetNets), cognitive radios (CR), Internet of things (IoT), machine to machine networks (M2M), and so on. This article aims for assisting the readers in clarifying the motivation and methodology of the various ML algorithms, so as to invoke them for hitherto unexplored services as well as scenarios of future wireless networks.Comment: 46 pages, 22 fig

    Recovering complete and draft population genomes from metagenome datasets.

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    Assembly of metagenomic sequence data into microbial genomes is of fundamental value to improving our understanding of microbial ecology and metabolism by elucidating the functional potential of hard-to-culture microorganisms. Here, we provide a synthesis of available methods to bin metagenomic contigs into species-level groups and highlight how genetic diversity, sequencing depth, and coverage influence binning success. Despite the computational cost on application to deeply sequenced complex metagenomes (e.g., soil), covarying patterns of contig coverage across multiple datasets significantly improves the binning process. We also discuss and compare current genome validation methods and reveal how these methods tackle the problem of chimeric genome bins i.e., sequences from multiple species. Finally, we explore how population genome assembly can be used to uncover biogeographic trends and to characterize the effect of in situ functional constraints on the genome-wide evolution
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