Diagnosing and measuring incompatibilities between pairs of services

International audienceThis text presents a tool, from its design to its implementation, which detects all behavioural incompatibilities between two service interfaces. Unlike prior work, the proposed solution does not simply check whether two services are incompatible or not, it rather provides detailed diagnosis, including the incompatibilities and for each one the location in the service interfaces where these incompatibilities occur. A measure of similarity between interfaces which considers outputs from the detection algorithm is proposed too. A visual report of the comparison analysis is also provided which pinpoints a set of incompatibilities that cause a behavioural interface not to simulate another one

Analysis of incompatibilities between services: diagnosing all and identifying those which are fixable

National audienceThis text presents a tool, from its design to its implementation, which detects all incompatibilities between two service interfaces. Among all these incompatibilities, those which can be fixed by a mediator are identified. The tool focuses on behavioural dimension of service interfaces. Unlike prior work, the proposed solution does not simply check whether two services are incompatible or not, it rather provides detailed diagnosis, including the incompatibilities and for each one its location in the service interfaces. A measure of similarity between interfaces which considers outputs from the detection algorithm is proposed too. A visual report of the comparison analysis is also provided which pinpoints a set of incompatibilities that cause a behavioural interface not to simulate another one

Reconciling Web service failing interactions. Toward an approach based on automatic generation of mediators

International audienceInteractions between Web services are based on interfaces which describe Web services on both structural and behavioural perspectives. It can happen that the interface provided by a service does no longer match (for instance, because of an evolution) the interface required by its partners. In this situation, and until the required interfaces are fixed, interactions cannot succeed. To address this issue, and focusing on the behavioural part of interfaces, we propose an approach based on a mediator, automatically generated, which aims to seamlessly resolve incompatibilities during service interactions

Diagnosing and measuring incompatibilities between pairs of services

International audienceThis text presents a tool, from its design to its implementation, which detects all behavioural incompatibilities between two service interfaces. Unlike prior work, the proposed solution does not simply check whether two services are incompatible or not, it rather provides detailed diagnosis, including the incompatibilities and for each one the location in the service interfaces where these incompatibilities occur. A measure of similarity between interfaces which considers outputs from the detection algorithm is proposed too. A visual report of the comparison analysis is also provided which pinpoints a set of incompatibilities that cause a behavioural interface not to simulate another one

Semantic Service Substitution in Pervasive Environments

A computing infrastructure where everything is a service offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service substitution for the application execution in such heterogeneous environments. An application would like to continue to execute even when a service disappears, or it would like to benefit from the environment by using better services with better QoS when possible. In this article, we define a generic service model and describe the equivalence relations between services considering the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties. We define semantic equivalence relations between services and equivalence degree between non functional QoS properties. Using these relations we propose semantic substitution mechanisms upon the appearance and disappearance of services that fits the application needs. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case

The genetic architecture underlying the evolution of a rare piscivorous life history form in brown trout after secondary contact and strong introgression

Identifying the genetic basis underlying phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation is a longstanding problem in evolutionary biology. Genetic signals of adaptation and reproductive isolation are often confounded by a wide range of factors, such as variation in demographic history or genomic features. Brown trout ( ) in the Loch Maree catchment, Scotland, exhibit reproductively isolated divergent life history morphs, including a rare piscivorous (ferox) life history form displaying larger body size, greater longevity and delayed maturation compared to sympatric benthivorous brown trout. Using a dataset of 16,066 SNPs, we analyzed the evolutionary history and genetic architecture underlying this divergence. We found that ferox trout and benthivorous brown trout most likely evolved after recent secondary contact of two distinct glacial lineages, and identified 33 genomic outlier windows across the genome, of which several have most likely formed through selection. We further identified twelve candidate genes and biological pathways related to growth, development and immune response potentially underpinning the observed phenotypic differences. The identification of clear genomic signals divergent between life history phenotypes and potentially linked to reproductive isolation, through size assortative mating, as well as the identification of the underlying demographic history, highlights the power of genomic studies of young species pairs for understanding the factors shaping genetic differentiation

On the genetic architecture of an adaptive radiation

How biodiversity evolves is of central interest to evolutionary biology. Adaptive radiations provide prime systems to investigate processes of biological diversification and speciation. The Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlid adaptive radiation stands out due to the exceptional speed with which a spectacular diversity of species have evolved within this lake. Several coinciding factors were likely key to the emergence of this radiation including ecological opportunity, sexual selection, and intrinsic genomic features. Furthermore, the radiation was seeded by a hybrid lineage derived from ancient hybridisation between two divergent species, which fuelled the radiation by providing large amounts of genetic variation. In my thesis, I investigate the ‘genetic architecture’ (the distribution and effects of genetic variants in the genome) that underpin traits or genomic features that may have played key roles in the rapid diversification and in the evolution and maintenance of reproductive barriers in the Lake Victoria cichlid adaptive radiation. In Chapter 1, I compare the genetic architecture of male nuptial colour, a trait under sexual selection, in a sympatric pair that exhibits some gene flow vs a non-sympatric pair. In the sympatric pair, I find the presence of moderate to large effect loci and some evidence for linkage/pleiotropy, which might provide a genetic architecture that is robust to gene flow. The absence of such an architecture in the non-sympatric pair could explain why these species seem to not be able to persist in sympatry. In Chapter 2, I investigate the genetic architecture of a whole suite of traits that distinguish representative species of two different trophic levels. Transition between trophic levels have occurred multiple times and rapidly in this radiation. I find a distributed architecture with little evidence for linkage/pleiotropy (but some moderate to large effect loci). This suggests that at the stage where these transitions occurred, genome-wide LD had to build between multiple unlinked genomic regions underpinning traits that had to change in a concerted fashion, which would have required both divergent selection and reproductive isolation. In Chapter 3, I report a novel sex determining chromosome in African cichlids, that acts as XY in one and ZW in another lineage. This highlights the high evolvability of sex determination in these radiations, which might also play a role in speciation. Finally, Chapter 4 is the first empirical test of the hypothesis that postzygotic intrinsic incompatibilities could be important in speciation from a hybrid swarm, in a process where they become sorted between subpopulations of a hybrid swarm and contribute to reproductive isolation between the emerging species. I screen whole genomes of 94 species of the Lake Victoria radiation and several hybrid crosses for genotype ratio distortions. I find signatures that could be consistent with postzygotic incompatibilities, and significant overlap of putative incompatibility regions with regions of high differentiation between sympatric sister species. I end with a general discussion of my findings and suggestions for future work

An adaptive service oriented architecture: Automatically solving interoperability problems.

Organizations desire to be able to easily cooperate with other companies and still be flexible. The IT infrastructure used by these companies should facilitate these wishes. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Autonomic Computing (AC) were introduced in order to realize such an infrastructure, however both have their shortcomings and do not fulfil these wishes. This dissertation addresses these shortcomings and presents an approach for incorporating (self-) adaptive behavior in (Web) services. A conceptual foundation of adaptation is provided and SOA is extended to incorporate adaptive behavior, called Adaptive Service Oriented Architecture (ASOA). To demonstrate our conceptual framework, we implement it to address a crucial aspect of distributed systems, namely interoperability. In particular, we study the situation of a service orchestrator adapting itself to evolving service providers.

NtoM: a concept of operations for pilots of multiple remotely piloted aircraft

The concept of operations proposed here pursues the feasibility, from a human factors perspective, of having a single pilot/aircrew controlling several remotely piloted aircraft systems at once in non-segregated airspace. To meet such feasibility, this multitasking must be safe and not interfere with the job of the air traffic controllers due to delays or errors associated with parallel piloting. To that end, a set of measures at several levels is suggested, which includes workload prediction and balance, pilot activity monitoring, and a special emphasis on interface usability and the pilot’s situational awareness. The concept relies greatly on the exploitation of the potential of Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications, anticipating future widespread implementation and full use. Experiments comparing the performance of the same pseudo-pilots before and after the implementation of part of the measures showed a decrease in the number of errors, oversights and subjective stress.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Winter moth (<i>Operophtera brumata</i>) adaptation to climate change::Embryonic response to temperature

Climate change influences the seasonal timing of many organisms, but at different rates such that mismatches can occur between trophic levels. Increased winter temperatures caused winter moth egg hatching to advance, leading to a mismatch in timing between winter moth caterpillars and their food source young oak leaves. In response, winter moth egg development has genetically adapted to climate change. Eggs now need higher temperatures to complete development at a given time compared to 10 years ago, leading to a better match with oak bud burst. To investigate how and when temperature influences embryonic development, an experiment was carried out. The aim of the experiment is two-fold, to determine (1) which stages of winter moth embryonic development can be distinguished, and (2) the effect of temperature in- or decreases on developmental rate in these different stages of development. In a split-brood design, sub-clutches of eggs were transferred from a baseline temperature of 10 degrees to a colder or warmer temperature for two weeks at different times during development. Before transfer and two weeks after transfer, eggs were fixated and imaged using confocal fluorescence imaging. Here we present the first glimpses of winter moth embryonic development, a moth with an unusually long development of multiple months, and one of the few species that has been able to rapidly adapt to climate change