The Dual Path Initiative Framework

This thesis, conducted at Norconsult Astando AB, investigates and finds the best performing algorithm for routing in a road network given a set of constraints. The constraintsare mainly performance oriented and also the algorithm must not be too complex to implement. A study of algorithms was conducted and the most promising candidate, Contraction Hierarchies, was selectedfor implementation. Experiments suggest that Contraction Hierarchies perform as theoretically expected. Contraction Hierarchies is recommended as the algorithmthat best satisfies the constraints.Ruttning i ett vägnät: Hitta en enkelt implementerbar algoritm utifrån prestandakrav. Detta examensarbete, utfört på Norconsult AstandoAB, ämnar att hitta den bäst presterande algoritm för ruttning i ett vägnät utifrån ett antal restriktioner. Restriktionerna är mestadels prestanda men även att algoritmen inte får vara för komplicerad att implementera. Det gjordes en studie av algoritmer för att hitta den bästa kandidaten. Contraction Hierarchies var den mest lovande och utvaldes för implementation. Praktiska experiment antyder att Contraction Hierarchies presterar som teoretiskt förväntat. Contraction Hierarchies rekommenderas som den algoritm som bäst uppfyller alla restriktioner

The Dual Path Initiative Framework

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Designing behaviourally informed policies for land stewardship: A new paradigm

This paper argues the case for a new approach to the stewardship of land resources that uses behavioural science theory to support the design and application of policies that facilitate changes in behaviour by those who develop policy and the farmers who implement it. Current approaches have: focused on legally-based expert system; and have been devised by national and international bureaucracies with little or no knowledge of how land owners and managers are motivated, and how they think, behave and operate as stewards of their natural resources. A review of current approaches from the social scientific literature is provided, with a particular focus on principles from social psychology. This is followed by an examination of how these principles can be applied to influence behaviour related to land restoration and soil conservation. Examples of the problems with traditional approaches and the evolution of new approaches with full engagement of farmers as the delivery agents are provided from within the European Union, Iceland and Scotland. In the light of these examples and emerging thinking in other parts of the world, the paper sets out the basis for a new approach based on behavioural science theory and application, reinforcing the arguments already made in the literature for a social license for farming

Encouraging Quality Regulation: Theories and Tools

Achieving good regulatory outcomes normally requires high quality design, implementation and review of the regulatory regime. Major regulatory theories focus on concepts such as the public interest, the role of interest groups, and regulatory capture to explain why regulations come into existence. Regulatory design, however, exists at two levels. Downstream design involves creating a regime to give the appropriate incentives to firms and consumers. Upstream design seeks to incentivise regulators themselves to create and operate high quality regulatory regimes. This paper focuses on the latter. The OECD has undertaken a major programme on regulatory governance to ensure quality in the design and implementation of regulations. Such measures are now widespread. New Zealand has gradually implemented these approaches including Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) in its decision- making processes. These measures are supported, and to some degree required, by increased interaction with Australian practices through institutions such as the Council of Australian Governments and the obligations of Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement. Achieving full integration of best practice that creates an environment for consistently delivering high quality regulation requires a broad and sustained focus on design, capability, incentives and follow-up. New Zealand has attempted over the last decade to improve regulatory outcomes by focusing on the incentives on regulators. There is still scope for further improvement. Sustained progress on a number of mutually supporting initiatives, with continued reinforcement of the underlying messages and careful building of the necessary institutions and practices is required for continued improvement.Quality regulation; Regulatory Quality; Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Capture

Constitutional Analogies in the International Legal System

This Article explores issues at the frontier of international law and constitutional law. It considers five key structural and systemic challenges that the international legal system now faces: (1) decentralization and disaggregation; (2) normative and institutional hierarchies; (3) compliance and enforcement; (4) exit and escape; and (5) democracy and legitimacy. Each of these issues raises questions of governance, institutional design, and allocation of authority paralleling the questions that domestic legal systems have answered in constitutional terms. For each of these issues, I survey the international legal landscape and consider the salience of potential analogies to domestic constitutions, drawing upon and extending the writings of international legal scholars and international relations theorists. I also offer some preliminary thoughts about why some treaties and institutions, but not others, more readily lend themselves to analysis in constitutional terms. And I distinguish those legal and political issues that may generate useful insights for scholars studying the growing intersections of international and constitutional law from other areas that may be more resistant to constitutional analogies

Beyond Training Prosecutors about their Disclosure Obligations: Can Prosecutors\u27 Offices Learn from their Lawyers\u27 Mistakes Symposium: New Perspectives on Brady and Other Disclosure Obligations: What Really Works

Prosecutors, criminal defense lawyers, judges, and legal academics from around the country recently met at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York to discuss prosecutors\u27 compliance with their disclosure obligations. The overarching question was how prosecutors\u27 offices could do a better job. To assist representatives of the legal profession in approaching this question from new directions, the Symposium organizers invited speakers from outside the legal profession to talk about the causes of error and methods used to reduce error in other contexts. One of the themes was that, outside the practice of law, individuals and institutions learn from their mistakes. This Article considers whether prosecutors\u27 offices can identify and learn from their lawyers\u27 disclosure mistakes

The relationship of accountable governance and constitutional implementation, with reference to Africa

This article offers a framework for analysing the interrelationships between democratic accountability and constitutional implementation with specific reference to sub-Saharan Africa. It opens by noting the subject’s importance and the contested meaning of key terms, before proceeding to elaborate the significance that constitutional implementation and accountability have for one another. The main purpose is to suggest an agenda lying at the interface between constitutional law and politics that is worthy of further research. The article argues there is considerable scope for analysts of law and politics to collaborate for the purpose of shedding light on many questions that cut across issues of both democratic accountability and constitutional implementation in Africa