421 research outputs found

    Designed Dynamic Reference with Model Predictive Control for Bidirectional EV Chargers

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    © 2013 IEEE. This paper presents a finite control set model predictive control (MPC) using a designed dynamic reference for bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. In the conventional MPC scheme, a PI controller is involved to generate an active power reference from the DC voltage reference. It is hard to find one fixed set of coefficients for all working conditions. In this paper, a designed dynamic reference based MPC strategy is proposed to replace the PI control loop. In the proposed method, a DC voltage dynamic reference is developed to formulate the inherent relationship between the DC voltage reference and the active power reference. Multi-objective control can be achieved in the proposed scheme, including controlling of the DC voltage, battery charging/discharging current, active power and reactive power, independently. Bidirectional power flow is operated effectively between the EV- and the grid-side. Experimental results are obtained from a laboratory three-phase two-stage bidirectional EV charger controlled by dSPACE DS1104. The results show that fast dynamic and good steady state performance of tracking the above objectives can be achieved with the proposed method. Compared with the system performance obtained by the conventional MPC method, the proposed method generates less active power ripples and produces a better grid current performance

    Optimal Closed Loop Control of G2V/V2G Action Using Model Predictive Controller

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    This paper has developed a closed-loop control algorithm to operate the G2V/V2G action, tested under varying battery voltage conditions and load and source power differences. Under V2G action, to maintain total harmonic distortion under minimum level and grid frequency under the standard limit, a Model predictive controller (MPC) has been used to control the gate driver circuit of the inverter. The state space model of the plant has been created using the system identification toolbox, and the MPC Controller block has been designed using the Model Predictive Control Toolbox of MATLAB. The proposed methodology is tested using MATLAB/Simulink and OPAL-RT (OP4510) in a real-time environment. This methodology reduces %THD to less than 0.5%, improves waveform quality of grid voltage, inverter output voltage, grid current, and inverter output current to nearly 99%, and maintains the grid frequency in standard limit while in G2V/V2G action

    Model predictive current control of a proposed single-switch three-level active rectifier applied to EV battery chargers

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    This paper presents a model predictive current control applied to a proposed new topology of single-switch three-level (SSTL) active rectifier, which is exemplified in an application of single-phase battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs). During each sampling period, this current control scheme selects the state of the SSTL active rectifier that minimizes the error between the grid current and its reference. Using this strategy it is possible to obtain sinusoidal grid currents with low total harmonic distortion and unitary power factor, which is one of the main requirements for EVs chargers. The paper presents in detail the principle of operation of the SSTL active rectifier, the digital control algorithm and the EV battery charger (where is incorporated the SSTL active rectifier) that was used in the experimental verification. The obtained experimental results confirm the correct application of the model predictive current control applied to the proposed SSTL active rectifier.This work was supported in part by the FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia in the scope of the project: PEst UID/CEC/00319/2013. Vítor Monteiro was supported by the scholarship SFRH/BD/80155/2011 granted by the FCT agency

    Comprehensive analysis and cost estimation of five-level bidirectional converters for electric vehicles operation in smart cities context

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    A comprehensive analysis, comparison and cost estimation of five-level bidirectional converters for the electric vehicle (EV) operation in smart cities context is presented in this paper. Nowadays, five-level converters are widely used with success to interface between the power grid and renewable energy sources, as well as, to operate as motor drivers. Therefore, with the EV introduction into the power grids arises a new opportunity to use such five-level converters as interface between the power grid and the EV batteries, i.e., in on-board charger applications. Moreover, considering the future scenarios of smart grids and smart cities, the five-level bidirectional converters will be essential for the operation modes grid-to-vehicle (G2V, charging the batteries from the power grid) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G, returning energy from the batteries to the power grid). In this context, this paper presents an aggregation of the most important five-level bidirectional converter topologies that can be applied for on-board EV chargers in smart cities context. Along the paper it is presented a detailed description of the hardware and control algorithms of the five-level converters, and are also presented and explained simulation results performed under realistic operating conditions. Finally, it is presented the cost estimation for a real application considering the hardware requirements for each one of the converters.This work has been supported by COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2013 and by the ERDF – European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation Ǧ COMPETE 2020 Programme, and by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT Ǧ Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within project SAICTPAC/0004/2015-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016434.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Vehicle electrification: technologies, challenges and a global perspective for smart grids

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    Nowadays, due to economic and climate concerns, the private transportation sector is shifting for the vehicle electrification, mainly supported by electric and hybrid plug-in vehicles. For this new reality, new challenges about operation modes are emerging, demanding a cooperative and dynamic operation with the electrical power grid, guaranteeing a stable integration without omitting the power quality for the grid-side and for the vehicle-side. Besides the operation modes, new attractive and complementary technologies are offered by the vehicle electrification in the context of smart grids, which are valid for both on-board and off-board systems. In this perspective, this book chapter presents a global perspective and deals with challenges for the vehicle electrification, covering the key technologies toward a sustainable future. Among others, the flowing topics are covered: (1) Overview of power electronics structures for battery charging systems, including on-board and off-board systems; (2) State-of-the-art of communication technologies for application in the context of vehicular electrification, smart grids and smart homes; (3) Challenges and opportunities concerning wireless power transfer with bidirectional interface to the electrical grid; (4) Future perspectives about bidirectional power transfer between electric vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle operation mode); (5) Unified technologies, allowing to combine functionalities of a bidirectional interface with the electrical grid and motor driver based on a single system; and (6) Smart grids and smart homes scenarios and accessible opportunities about operation modes.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

    Four-quadrant operations of bidirectional chargers for electric vehicles in smart car parks: G2v, v2g, and v4g

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    This paper presents the four-quadrant operation modes of bidirectional chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) framed in smart car parks. A cascaded model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the bidirectional two-stage off-board chargers is proposed. The controller is constructed in two stages. The model predictive direct power control for the grid side is applied to track the active/reactive power references. The model predictive direct current control is proposed to achieve constant current charging/discharging for the EV load side. With this MPC strategy, EV chargers are able to transmit the active and reactive powers between the EV batteries and the power grid. Apart from exchanging the active power, the vehicle-for-grid (V4G) mode is proposed, where the chargers are used to deliver the reactive power to support the grid, simultaneously combined with grid-to-vehicle or vehicleto-grid operation modes. In the V4G mode, the EV battery functions as the static var compensator. According to the simulation results, the system can operate effectively in the full control regions of the active and reactive power (PQ) plane under the aforementioned operation modes. Fast dynamic response and great steady-state system performances can be verified through various simulation and experimental results

    Single-Phase Charging of Six-Phase Integrated On-Board Battery Charger using Predictive Current Control

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    This work was achieved by the financial support of ITIDAs ITAC collaborative funded project under the category type of advanced research projects (ARP) and Grant Number ARP2020.R29.7.This work was achieved by the financial support of ITIDAs ITAC collaborative funded project under the category type of advanced research projects (ARP) and Grant Number ARP2020.R29.7.Integrated On-Board Battery Chargers (IOBCs) have shown promise as an elegant charging solution for electric vehicles in recent literature. Although the three-phase charging technique of IOBCs has extensively been discussed in the literature, single-phase charging is still a challenging research topic. The Predictive Current Control (PCC) approach has shown many benefits, including a straightforward algorithm, simple implementation, comparatively quick response, and appropriate performance, when compared to conventional control techniques. This paper investigates the impact of single-phase charging of a six-phase-based IOBC system with different winding configurations using PCC, which, up to the best authors’ knowledge, has not been conceived thus far. Under single-phase charging, the zero-sequence current component is utilized to ensure zero torque production during charging mode. Since the impedance of the zero subspace is highly affected by the employed winding design, the performance of PCC with different winding layouts of either induction machine (IM) or permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is investigated and compared. The proposed method is experimentally validated using a 1.1kW six-phase IM and a 2 kW 12-slot/10-pole PMSM. Finite Element analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of single-phase charging mode on the induced radial forces and vibration level when PM machine is employed

    Improved vehicle-for-grid (iV4G) mode: novel operation mode for EVs battery chargers in smart grids

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    The experimental validation of a novel operation mode for electric vehicles (EVs) to support the grid power quality is presented. The proposed operation mode, denominated improved vehicle-for-grid (iV4G), is directly associated with the EVs operation aiming the compensation of power quality problems associated with current harmonic distortion and reactive power, improving the total power factor of the electrical installation. Simultaneously with the proposed iV4G, where the EV injects current harmonics and provides reactive power, the EV can exchange active power with the grid (grid-to-vehicle, G2V, to charge the batteries or vehicle-to-grid, V2G, to deliver energy back to the power grid). In this paper, the proposed iV4G operation mode is experimentally validated with a developed EV battery charger prototype connected to an electrical installation of 230 V, 16 A, 50 Hz. The control strategies of the iV4G operation mode and the used prototype are described in detail along the paper. The achieved results confirm the feasibility and good performance of the proposed iV4G operation mode, working alone, and also when associated with the G2V and V2G operating modes.This work has been supported by FCT project 0302836 NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030283. This work is also part of the COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2013. This work isfinanced by the ERDF–European RegionalDevelopment Fund through the Operational Programme forCompetitiveness and Internationalisation–COMPETE 2020Programme, and by National Funds through the Portuguese fundingagency, FCT, within project SAICTPAC/0004/2015–POCI–01–0145–FEDER–016434

    Analysis and Development of Multiple Phase Shift Modulation in A SiC-Based Dual Active Bridge Converter

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    Renewable energy adoption is a popular topic to release the stress of climate change caused by greenhouse gas. Electricity is ideal secondary energy for clean primary energy such as nuclear, wind, photovoltaic, and so on. To extend the application of electricity and reduce fossil energy consumption by transportation sectors, electric vehicles (EVs) become promising technology that can further inspire the development of renewable energy. Battery as the core in an EV provides the energy to the motor and all on-board electric equipment. The battery charger is mainly composed of a power factor correction (PFC) and isolated DC-DC converter. Therefore, power electronics equipment plays an important role in automotive products. Meanwhile, in recent years, the market capacity for wide band-gap devices, SiC MOSFET, continues to increase in EV applications. Dual active bridge (DAB) is an excellent candidate for isolated DC-DC converter in EV battery charger. The characteristics include an easy control algorithm, galvanic isolation and adjustable voltage gain. Different modulation strategies are developed to improve the performance and stability by using multiple phase shift (MPS) control. This thesis focuses on the utilization of different modulation strategies to realize smooth transition among MPS control in full operational range with securing zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) to eliminate the crosstalk in the hard-switching process. The influence of MPS control on ZVS resonance transient is also addressed to find out the accurate minimum required energy of the inductor to finish the ZVS transition. Furthermore, a general common-mode voltage model for DAB is proposed to analyze the impact of MPS control on the common-mode performance
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