Resource Management in Survivable Multi-Granular Optical Networks

The last decade witnessed a wild growth of the Internet traffic, promoted by bandwidth-hungry applications such as Youtube, P2P, and VoIP. This explosive increase is expected to proceed with an annual rate of 34% in the near future, which leads to a huge challenge to the Internet infrastructure. One foremost solution to this problem is advancing the optical networking and switching, by which abundant bandwidth can be provided in an energy-efficient manner. For instance, with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology, each fiber can carry a mass of wavelengths with bandwidth up to 100 Gbits/s or higher. To keep up with the traffic explosion, however, simply scaling the number of fibers and/or wavelengths per fiber results in the scalability issue in WDM networks. One major motivation of this dissertation is to address this issue in WDM networks with the idea of waveband switching (WBS). This work includes the author\u27s study on multiple aspects of waveband switching: how to address dynamic user demand, how to accommodate static user demand, and how to achieve a survivable WBS network. When combined together, the proposed approaches form a framework that enables an efficient WBS-based Internet in the near future or the middle term. As a long-term solution for the Internet backbone, the Spectrum Sliced Elastic Optical Path (SLICE) Networks recently attract significant interests. SLICE aims to provide abundant bandwidth by managing the spectrum resources as orthogonal sub-carriers, a finer granular than wavelengths of WDM networks. Another important component of this dissertation is the author\u27s timely study on this new frontier: particulary, how to efficiency accommodate the user demand in SLICE networks. We refer to the overall study as the resource management in multi-granular optical networks. In WBS networks, the multi-granularity includes the fiber, waveband, and wavelength. While in SLICE networks, the traffic granularity refers to the fiber, and the variety of the demand size (in terms of number of sub-carriers)

On-Chip Optical Interconnection Networks for Multi/Manycore Architectures

The rapid development of multi/manycore technologies offers the opportunity for highly parallel architectures implemented on a single chip. While the first, low-parallelism multicore products have been based on simple interconnection structures (single bus, very simple crossbar), the emerging highly parallel architectures will require complex, limited-degree interconnection networks. This thesis studies this trend according to the general theory of interconnection structures for parallel machines, and investigates some solutions in terms of performance, cost, fault-tolerance, and run-time support to shared-memory and/or message passing programming mechanisms

Effective fiber bandwidth utilization in TDM WDM optical networks

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Call admission and routing in telecommunication networks.

by Kit-man Chan.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86).Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of Integrated Service Digital Networks --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Multirate Loss Networks --- p.5Chapter 1.3 --- Previous Work --- p.7Chapter 1.4 --- Organization --- p.11Chapter 1.5 --- Publications --- p.12Chapter 2 --- Call Admission in Multirate Loss Networks --- p.13Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13Chapter 2.2 --- Two Adaptive Routing Rules --- p.15Chapter 2.3 --- Call Admission Policies --- p.17Chapter 2.4 --- Analysis of Call Admission Policies --- p.25Chapter 2.4.1 --- "The CS, LO, GB and the EB Policies" --- p.25Chapter 2.4.2 --- The DP Policy --- p.29Chapter 2.5 --- Performance Comparisons --- p.32Chapter 2.6 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.35Chapter 3 --- Least Congestion Routing in Multirate Loss Networks --- p.41Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41Chapter 3.2 --- The M2 and MTB Routings --- p.42Chapter 3.2.1 --- M2 Routing --- p.43Chapter 3.2.2 --- MTB Routing --- p.43Chapter 3.3 --- Bandwidth Sharing Policies and State Aggregation --- p.45Chapter 3.4 --- Analysis of M2 Routing --- p.47Chapter 3.5 --- Analysis of MTB Routing --- p.50Chapter 3.6 --- Numerical Results and Discussions --- p.53Chapter 3.7 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.56Chapter 4 --- The Least Congestion Routing in WDM Lightwave Networks --- p.60Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.60Chapter 4.2 --- Architecture and Some Design Issues --- p.62Chapter 4.3 --- The Routing Rule --- p.66Chapter 4.4 --- Analysis of the LC Routing Rule --- p.67Chapter 4.4.1 --- Fixed Point Model --- p.67Chapter 4.4.2 --- Without Direct-link Priority --- p.68Chapter 4.4.3 --- With Direct-link Priority --- p.72Chapter 4.5 --- Performance Comparisons --- p.73Chapter 4.6 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.75Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.79Chapter 5.1 --- Future Work --- p.8

Planification et dimensionnement des réseaux optiques de longues distances

Le projet de recherche porte sur l'étude des problèmes de conception et de planification d'un réseau optique de longue distance, aussi appelé réseau de coeur (OWAN-Optical Wide Area Network en anglais). Il s'agit d'un réseau qui transporte des flots agrégés en mode commutation de circuits. Un réseau OWAN relie différents sites à l'aide de fibres optiques connectées par des commutateurs/routeurs optiques et/ou électriques. Un réseau OWAN est maillé à l'échelle d'un pays ou d’un continent et permet le transit des données à très haut débit. Dans une première partie du projet de thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème de conception de réseaux optiques agiles. Le problème d'agilité est motivé par la croissance de la demande en bande passante et par la nature dynamique du trafic. Les équipements déployés par les opérateurs de réseaux doivent disposer d'outils de configuration plus performants et plus flexibles pour gérer au mieux la complexité des connexions entre les clients et tenir compte de la nature évolutive du trafic. Souvent, le problème de conception d'un réseau consiste à prévoir la bande passante nécessaire pour écouler un trafic donné. Ici, nous cherchons en plus à choisir la meilleure configuration nodale ayant un niveau d'agilité capable de garantir une affectation optimale des ressources du réseau. Nous étudierons également deux autres types de problèmes auxquels un opérateur de réseau est confronté. Le premier problème est l'affectation de ressources du réseau. Une fois que l'architecture du réseau en termes d'équipements est choisie, la question qui reste est de savoir : comment dimensionner et optimiser cette architecture pour qu'elle rencontre le meilleur niveau possible d'agilité pour satisfaire toute la demande. La définition de la topologie de routage est un problème d'optimisation complexe. Elle consiste à définir un ensemble de chemins optiques logiques, choisir les routes physiques suivies par ces derniers, ainsi que les longueurs d'onde qu'ils utilisent, de manière à optimiser la qualité de la solution obtenue par rapport à un ensemble de métriques pour mesurer la performance du réseau. De plus, nous devons définir la meilleure stratégie de dimensionnement du réseau de façon à ce qu'elle soit adaptée à la nature dynamique du trafic. Le second problème est celui d'optimiser les coûts d'investissement en capital(CAPEX) et d'opération (OPEX) de l'architecture de transport proposée. Dans le cas du type d'architecture de dimensionnement considérée dans cette thèse, le CAPEX inclut les coûts de routage, d'installation et de mise en service de tous les équipements de type réseau installés aux extrémités des connexions et dans les noeuds intermédiaires. Les coûts d'opération OPEX correspondent à tous les frais liés à l'exploitation du réseau de transport. Étant donné la nature symétrique et le nombre exponentiel de variables dans la plupart des formulations mathématiques développées pour ces types de problèmes, nous avons particulièrement exploré des approches de résolution de type génération de colonnes et algorithme glouton qui s'adaptent bien à la résolution des grands problèmes d'optimisation. Une étude comparative de plusieurs stratégies d'allocation de ressources et d'algorithmes de résolution, sur différents jeux de données et de réseaux de transport de type OWAN démontre que le meilleur coût réseau est obtenu dans deux cas : une stratégie de dimensionnement anticipative combinée avec une méthode de résolution de type génération de colonnes dans les cas où nous autorisons/interdisons le dérangement des connexions déjà établies. Aussi, une bonne répartition de l'utilisation des ressources du réseau est observée avec les scénarios utilisant une stratégie de dimensionnement myope combinée à une approche d'allocation de ressources avec une résolution utilisant les techniques de génération de colonnes. Les résultats obtenus à l'issue de ces travaux ont également démontré que des gains considérables sont possibles pour les coûts d'investissement en capital et d'opération. En effet, une répartition intelligente et hétérogène de ressources d’un réseau sur l'ensemble des noeuds permet de réaliser une réduction substantielle des coûts du réseau par rapport à une solution d'allocation de ressources classique qui adopte une architecture homogène utilisant la même configuration nodale dans tous les noeuds. En effet, nous avons démontré qu'il est possible de réduire le nombre de commutateurs photoniques tout en satisfaisant la demande de trafic et en gardant le coût global d'allocation de ressources de réseau inchangé par rapport à l'architecture classique. Cela implique une réduction substantielle des coûts CAPEX et OPEX. Dans nos expériences de calcul, les résultats démontrent que la réduction de coûts peut atteindre jusqu'à 65% dans certaines jeux de données et de réseau.The research project focuses on the design and planning problems of long distance optical networks also called OWANs (Optical Wide Area Networks) or "backbone". These are networks that carry aggregate flows in circuit switching mode. OWAN networks connect sites with optical fibers, cross-connected by optical and/or electric switches/routers. OWAN networks are meshed throughout a country or continent and allow the transit of data at very high speed. In the first part of the thesis, we are interested in the design problem of agile optical networks. The problem of agility is motivated by the growing of bandwidth demand and by the dynamic pattern of client traffic. Equipment deployed by network operators must allow greater reconfigurability and scalability to manage the complexity of connections among clients and deal with a dynamic traffic pattern. Often, the problem of network design is to provide the required bandwidth to grant a given traffic pattern. Here, we seek to choose the best nodal configuration with the agility level that can guarantee the optimal network resource provisioning. We will also study two other types of problems that can face a network operator. The first problem is the network resource provisioning. Once the network architecture design is chosen, the remaining question is : How to resize and optimize the architecture to meet the agility level required to grant any demand. The definition of the network provisioning scheme is a complex optimization problem. It consists of defining a set of optical paths, choosing the routes followed by them, and their assigned wavelengths, so as to optimize the solution quality with respect to some network metrics. Moreover, we need to define the best design strategy adapted to the dynamic traffic pattern. The second problem is to optimize the capital investment cost (CAPEX) and the operational expenses (OPEX) of the selected optical transport architecture. In the case of the design architecture considered in this thesis, the CAPEX includes the routing cost, the installation cost and the commissioning service cost for all required network equipment in end connections and intermediate nodes. OPEX correspond to expenses related to the operation of the transport network. Given the symmetrical nature and the exponential number of variables in most mathematical formulations developed for these types of problems, we particularly explored solving approaches based on a column generation algorithm and greedy heuristics which adapt well to these types of modeling and large scale mathematical models. A comparative study of several provisioning strategies and solution algorithms on different traffic and OWAN network instances show that the minimum network cost is obtained in two cases : An anticipative dimensioning strategy combined with a column generation solution combined with a rounding off heuristic in the context of no disturbance or possible disturbance of previously granted connections. Also, a good repartition of used network resources (MSPPs, PXC and wavelengths) is observed with the scenarios using a myopic strategy and a column generation solution approach. The results obtained from this thesis also show that a considerable saving in CAPEX and OPEX costs are possible in the case of an intelligent allocation and heteregenous distribution of network resources through network nodes compared with the classical architecture that adopts a uniform architecture using the same configuration in all nodes. Indeed, we demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the number of PXCs (Photonic Switches) while satisfying the traffic matrix and keeping the overall cost of provisioning network unchanged compared to what is happening in a classic architecture. This implies a substantial reduction in network CAPEX and OPEX costs. In our experiments with various network and traffic instances, we show that a careful dimensioning and location of the nodal equipment can save up to 65% of network expenses

Optical flow switched networks

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-279).In the four decades since optical fiber was introduced as a communications medium, optical networking has revolutionized the telecommunications landscape. It has enabled the Internet as we know it today, and is central to the realization of Network-Centric Warfare in the defense world. Sustained exponential growth in communications bandwidth demand, however, is requiring that the nexus of innovation in optical networking continue, in order to ensure cost-effective communications in the future. In this thesis, we present Optical Flow Switching (OFS) as a key enabler of scalable future optical networks. The general idea behind OFS-agile, end-to-end, all-optical connections-is decades old, if not as old as the field of optical networking itself. However, owing to the absence of an application for it, OFS remained an underdeveloped idea-bereft of how it could be implemented, how well it would perform, and how much it would cost relative to other architectures. The contributions of this thesis are in providing partial answers to these three broad questions. With respect to implementation, we address the physical layer design of OFS in the metro-area and access, and develop sensible scheduling algorithms for OFS communication. Our performance study comprises a comparative capacity analysis for the wide-area, as well as an analytical approximation of the throughput-delay tradeoff offered by OFS for inter-MAN communication. Lastly, with regard to the economics of OFS, we employ an approximate capital expenditure model, which enables a throughput-cost comparison of OFS with other prominent candidate architectures. Our conclusions point to the fact that OFS offers significant advantage over other architectures in economic scalability.(cont.) In particular, for sufficiently heavy traffic, OFS handles large transactions at far lower cost than other optical network architectures. In light of the increasing importance of large transactions in both commercial and defense networks, we conclude that OFS may be crucial to the future viability of optical networking.by Guy E. Weichenberg.Ph.D

Advances in Optical Amplifiers

Optical amplifiers play a central role in all categories of fibre communications systems and networks. By compensating for the losses exerted by the transmission medium and the components through which the signals pass, they reduce the need for expensive and slow optical-electrical-optical conversion. The photonic gain media, which are normally based on glass- or semiconductor-based waveguides, can amplify many high speed wavelength division multiplexed channels simultaneously. Recent research has also concentrated on wavelength conversion, switching, demultiplexing in the time domain and other enhanced functions. Advances in Optical Amplifiers presents up to date results on amplifier performance, along with explanations of their relevance, from leading researchers in the field. Its chapters cover amplifiers based on rare earth doped fibres and waveguides, stimulated Raman scattering, nonlinear parametric processes and semiconductor media. Wavelength conversion and other enhanced signal processing functions are also considered in depth. This book is targeted at research, development and design engineers from teams in manufacturing industry, academia and telecommunications service operators

Multi-layer survivability in IP-over-WDM networks

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Optimised Design and Analysis of All-Optical Networks

This PhD thesis presents a suite of methods for optimising design and for analysing blocking probabilities of all-optical networks. It thus contributes methodical knowledge to the field of computer assisted planning of optical networks. A two-stage greenfield optical network design optimiser is developed, based on shortest-path algorithms and a comparatively new metaheuristic called simulated allocation. It is able to handle design of all-optical mesh networks with optical cross-connects, considers duct as well as fibre and node costs, and can also design protected networks. The method is assessed through various experiments and is shown to produce good results and to be able to scale up to networks of realistic sizes. A novel method, subpath wavelength grouping, for routing connections in a multigranular all-optical network where several wavelengths can be grouped and switched at band and fibre level is presented. The method uses an unorthodox routing strategy focusing on common subpaths rather than individual connections, and strives to minimise switch port count as well as fibre usage. It is shown to produce cheaper network designs than previous methods when fibre costs are comparatively high. A new optical network concept, the synchronous optical hierarchy, is proposed, in which wavelengths are subdivided into timeslots to match the traffic granularity. Various theoretical properties of this concept are investigated and compared in simulation studies. An integer linear programming model for optical ring network design is presented. Manually designed real world ring networks are studied and it is found that the model can lead to cheaper network design. Moreover, ring and mesh network architectures are compared using real world costs, and it is found that optical cros..