1,325 research outputs found
Use of Navigation Beacons to Support Lunar Vehicle Operations
To support a wide variety of lunar missions in a condensed regime, solutions are needed outside of the use of Earth-based orbit determination. This research presents an alternate approach to in-situ navigation through the use of beacons, similar to that used on Earth as well as under technology development efforts. An overview of the current state of navigation aids included as well as discussion of the Lunar Node 1 payload being built at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. Expected navigation results of this beacon payload for planned operation from the lunar surface are provided. Applications of navigation beacons to multiple stages of the proposed human lunar landing architecture are given, with initial analysis showing performance gains from the use of this technology. This work provides a starting point for continued analysis and design, laying out the foundation of how navigation beacons can be incorporated into the architecture to enable continued analysis, design, and future expanded capability
Detecting ADS-B Spoofing Attacks using Deep Neural Networks
The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system is a key
component of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that
manages the increasingly congested airspace. It provides accurate aircraft
localization and efficient air traffic management and also improves the safety
of billions of current and future passengers. While the benefits of ADS-B are
well known, the lack of basic security measures like encryption and
authentication introduces various exploitable security vulnerabilities. One
practical threat is the ADS-B spoofing attack that targets the ADS-B ground
station, in which the ground-based or aircraft-based attacker manipulates the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) address (a unique identifier
for each aircraft) in the ADS-B messages to fake the appearance of non-existent
aircraft or masquerade as a trusted aircraft. As a result, this attack can
confuse the pilots or the air traffic control personnel and cause dangerous
maneuvers. In this paper, we introduce SODA - a two-stage Deep Neural Network
(DNN)-based spoofing detector for ADS-B that consists of a message classifier
and an aircraft classifier. It allows a ground station to examine each incoming
message based on the PHY-layer features (e.g., IQ samples and phases) and flag
suspicious messages. Our experimental results show that SODA detects
ground-based spoofing attacks with a probability of 99.34%, while having a very
small false alarm rate (i.e., 0.43%). It outperforms other machine learning
techniques such as XGBoost, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine. It
further identifies individual aircraft with an average F-score of 96.68% and an
accuracy of 96.66%, with a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art
detector.Comment: Accepted to IEEE CNS 201
INVESTIGATION OF MODULATION SCHEME AND TRANSMITTER NONLINEARITY IMPACT ON ADS-B MESSAGES TRANSMISSION VIA OFDM SATELLITE LINK
Для дослідження впливу схеми модуляції та нелінійності передавача на трансмісію ADS-B повідомлень по супутниковому каналу побудовано оригінальну модель каналу зв'язку «Літак-Супутник-Наземна Станція» з використанням програмного комплексу MATLAB Sіmulіnk. Модель складено із джерела інформації, передавача літака, каналу нагору/вниз, супутникового транспондера, приймача наземної станції. Отримано залежності співвідношення сигнал-шум від втрат у вільному просторі для різних видів модуляції (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM), різних температур шуму супутникового транспондера, ширини каналу, кількості символів OFDM і різних рівнів нелінійності передавача літака.Для исследования влияния схемы модуляции и нелинейности передатчика на трансмиссию ADS-B сообщений по спутниковому каналу построена оригинальная модель канала связи «Самолет-Спутник-Наземная Станция» с использованием программного комплекса MATLAB Sіmulіnk. Показано, что модель состоит из источника информации, передатчика самолѐта, канала вверх/вниз, спутникового транспондера, приемника наземной станции. Получены зависимости соотношения сигнал-шум от потерь в свободном пространстве для разных видов модуляции (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM), разных температур шума спутникового транспондера, ширины канала, количества символов OFDM и различных уровней нелинейности передатчика самолѐта.For investigation of modulation scheme impact on ADS-B messages transmission via satellite link the original model of a communication channel "Aircraft-to-Satellite-to-Ground Station" was built using MATLAB Sіmulіnk. Model consists of a source of information, aircraft transmitter, uplink/downlink path, satellite transponder, ground station receiver. The dependencies of a signal to noise ratio on free space path loss for different types of modulation (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM), for different satellite transponder noise temperatures, channel bandwidth, number of OFDM symbols and different types of aircraft transmitter nonlinearity were received and investigated
Pseudolite Architecture and Performance Analysis for the FAA\u27s NextGen Airspace
By 2025 the FAA plans to have fully implemented its NextGen Airspace design. NextGen takes advantage of modern positioning technologies as well as automation, data sharing, and display technologies that will allow more efficient use of our ever busier National Airspace (NAS). A key element of NextGen is the transition from surveillance RADAR providing aircraft separation and navigation to the use of the GPS and Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B couples the precision of the GPS with networked ground and airborne receivers to provide precise situational awareness to pilots and controllers. The result is increased safety, capacity, and access with reduced reliance on an outdated and costly existing infrastructure. Reliance on the vulnerable GPS requires a backup system with higher positioning accuracy than those that are in place today. The USAF 746th Test Squadron at Holloman AFB, in partnership with Locata Corp., has demonstrated an Ultra High Accuracy Reference System (UHARS) over the Holloman Range composed of pseudolites (ground based satellites) transmitting GPS like signals. This study evaluates the suitability of the UHARS when applied on a national scale to meet Alternate Precision Navigation and Timing (APNT) requirements. From a systems architecture perspective UHARS is evaluated against APNT CONOPs stated Operational Improvements and Scenarios. From a signal architecture perspective the UHARS is evaluated against frequency and bandwidth constraints, service volume requirements and positioning accuracy determined by NextGen Airspace aircraft separation criteria
On the Security of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Protocol
Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is the communications
protocol currently being rolled out as part of next generation air
transportation systems. As the heart of modern air traffic control, it will
play an essential role in the protection of two billion passengers per year,
besides being crucial to many other interest groups in aviation. The inherent
lack of security measures in the ADS-B protocol has long been a topic in both
the aviation circles and in the academic community. Due to recently published
proof-of-concept attacks, the topic is becoming ever more pressing, especially
with the deadline for mandatory implementation in most airspaces fast
approaching.
This survey first summarizes the attacks and problems that have been reported
in relation to ADS-B security. Thereafter, it surveys both the theoretical and
practical efforts which have been previously conducted concerning these issues,
including possible countermeasures. In addition, the survey seeks to go beyond
the current state of the art and gives a detailed assessment of security
measures which have been developed more generally for related wireless networks
such as sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks, including a taxonomy of
all considered approaches.Comment: Survey, 22 Pages, 21 Figure
UAV Command and Control, Navigation and Surveillance: A Review of Potential 5G and Satellite Systems
Drones, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are
expected to be an important component of 5G/beyond 5G (B5G) communications.
This includes their use within cellular architectures (5G UAVs), in which they
can facilitate both wireless broadcast and point-to-point transmissions,
usually using small UAS (sUAS). Allowing UAS to operate within airspace along
with commercial, cargo, and other piloted aircraft will likely require
dedicated and protected aviation spectrum at least in the near term, while
regulatory authorities adapt to their use. The command and control (C2), or
control and non-payload communications (CNPC) link provides safety critical
information for the control of the UAV both in terrestrial-based line of sight
(LOS) conditions and in satellite communication links for so-called beyond LOS
(BLOS) conditions. In this paper, we provide an overview of these CNPC links as
they may be used in 5G and satellite systems by describing basic concepts and
challenges. We review new entrant technologies that might be used for UAV C2 as
well as for payload communication, such as millimeter wave (mmWave) systems,
and also review navigation and surveillance challenges. A brief discussion of
UAV-to-UAV communication and hardware issues are also provided.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, IEEE aerospace conferenc
Identification of Technologies for Provision of Future Aeronautical Communications
This report describes the process, findings, and recommendations of the second of three phases of the Future Communications Study (FCS) technology investigation conducted by NASA Glenn Research Center and ITT Advanced Engineering & Sciences Division for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The FCS is a collaborative research effort between the FAA and Eurocontrol to address frequency congestion and spectrum depletion for safety critical airground communications. The goal of the technology investigation is to identify technologies that can support the longterm aeronautical mobile communication operating concept. A derived set of evaluation criteria traceable to the operating concept document is presented. An adaptation of the analytical hierarchy process is described and recommended for selecting candidates for detailed evaluation. Evaluations of a subset of technologies brought forward from the prescreening process are provided. Five of those are identified as candidates with the highest potential for continental airspace solutions in L-band (P-34, W-CDMA, LDL, B-VHF, and E-TDMA). Additional technologies are identified as best performers in the unique environments of remote/oceanic airspace in the satellite bands (Inmarsat SBB and a custom satellite solution) and the airport flight domain in C-band (802.16e). Details of the evaluation criteria, channel models, and the technology evaluations are provided in appendixes
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