1,334 research outputs found

    Extruder for food product (otak–otak) with heater and roll cutter

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    Food extrusion is a form of extrusion used in food industries. It is a process by which a set of mixed ingredients are forced through an opening in a perforated plate or die with a design specific to the food, and is then cut to a specified size by blades [1]. Summary of the invention principal objects of the present invention are to provide a machine capable of continuously producing food products having an’ extruded filler material of meat or similarity and an extruded outer covering of a moldable food product, such as otak-otak, that completely envelopes the filler material

    Control of Boundary Layer over NACA0015 Using Fuzzy Logic by Suction Technique

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    تعتبر طريقة اعادة التصاق الجزء المنفصل من الطبقة المتاخمة واحدة من اهم الطرق المستخدمة لتحسين الجريان فوق الاجسام. وقد ركزت هذه الدراسة على تصميم وبناء نظام سيطرة يعمل وفقا للمنطق الضبابي للسيطرة على أنفصال الطبقة المتاخمة من على سطح مقطع جناح طراز ((NACA0015وذلك من خلال التحكم بسرعة محرك جهاز التفريغ الذي يقوم بسحب الجزء المنفصل من الطبقة المتاخمة من خلال خمسة ثقوب موزعة على طول المحور العرضي للجناح وعلى خط يبعد مسافة (75%) من طول الوتر مقاسة من مقدمة المقطع. كل التجارب العملية تم اجرائها في نفق هوائي دون الصوتي ذي مقطع اختبار (300x300x 600) mm وعند قيم رقم ريبنولد وزوايا هجوم مختلفة. واهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها هي: ان استخدام نظام سيطرة يعمل وفقا للمنطق الضبابي في السيطرة على تقنية المص سوف يؤدي الى زيادة في قيمة معامل الرفع للجناح (CL) بمقدار (14.72%) عنه في الحالة الاعتيادية كذلك فان قيمة زاوية الانفصال سوف تزداد من 15o الى 17o. ايضا ان استخدام قواعد المنطق الضبابي في برمجة نظام السيطرة اعطى تحسينا مستقرا عند قيم معامل سحب CQ مقبولة.Re-attachment the separation of boundary layer using suction method is one of the important techniques, which improve the flow over bodies. This study focused on the design of fuzzy logic controller to control on the separation of the boundary layer, using suction delayed separation technique from the surface of NACA 0015 airfoil. The airfoil was designed and fabricated depending on the airfoil tool with (300x300) mm chord and span length respectively. The upper surface was developed with five holes  6mm diameter to suck the delayed boundary layer along the span of the airfoil about 75% from leading edge . Also there are four BMP180 Piezoelectric pressure sensors distributed with constant pitch on upper surface of model used to sense the pressure difference. Sub sonic wind tunnel with (300x300x 600) mm work section is used. (1.354, 1.915, 2.345, 2.708 and 3.028 x 105) Reynolds numbers and (0o, 3o, 6o, 9o, 12o, 15o, 16o and 17o) are the angles of attack were used as a conditions boundary of the experimental work. The model was tested without applying suction to determine the stall condition. Pneumatic vacuum cleaner with (0.00737 to 0.01329) discharge coefficient range was used to perform the suction experiment. Pressure difference and angle of attack were input of fuzzy logic controller which programmed by using commercial Matlab softwar. The results of applying suction showed an increase of 14.72% in the lift coefficient and increase the stall angle from 15o to more than 17o. Also lift/drag ratio increased when angle of attack increased. Fuzzy logic rules gave steady enhancement at range of suction coefficient CQ universally acceptable

    Refrigeration System: Capacity Modulation Methods

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    Energy conservation and reduction of the global warming effect become one of the most important subjects in the world. Since refrigeration system energy consumption is steadily increasing in overall energy consumption, this system is under research. Refrigeration systems are full of energy conservation that is having minimum energy consumption while satisfying the user’s needs. Refrigeration system applications where the load may vary over a wide range, due to lighting, product loading, ambient weather variations, or other factors during operation, can be optimized by capacity modulation. There are many ways to achieve capacity modulation. This paper presents literature review of various capacity modulation methods which reduce the energy consumption of the refrigeration system and decrease CO2 emission indirectly. In this paper, on/off control, digital scroll compressor, cylinder unloading, hot gas bypass, slide valve, multiple compressor, and variable speed capacity control methods are presented. In addition, electrical control techniques for the refrigeration capacity modulation applications are summarized

    Fuzzy logic system for intermixed biogas and photovoltaics measurement and control

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    Abstract: This study develops a new integrated measurement and control system for intermixed biogas and photovoltaic systems to achieve safe and optimal energy usage. Literature and field studies show that existing control methods on small- to medium-scale systems fall short of comprehensive system optimization and fault diagnosis, hence the need to revisit these control methods.The control strategy developed in this study is intelligent as it is wholly based on fuzzy logic algorithms. Fuzzy logic controllers due to their superior nonlinear problem solving capabilities to classical controllers considerably simplify controller design.The mathematical models that define classical controllers are difficult or impossible to realize in biogas and photovoltaic generation process. A microcontroller centered fuzzy logic measurement and control embedded system is designed and developed on the existing hybrid biogas and photovoltaic installations. The designed system is able to accurately predict digester stability, quantify biogas output, and carry out biogas fault detection and control. Optimized battery charging and photovoltaic fault detection and control are also successfully implemented. The system is able to optimize the operation and performance of biogas and photovoltaic energy generation

    Aplikasi Metode Neuro-Fuzzy Pada Sistem Pengendalian Antisurge Kompresor

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    Operating condition that unstabil to compressor is called surge, which defined as self oscillations between pressure and flow, that can cause serious damage to compressor. Because of this problem, it is necessary to design of antisurge compressor control. Using conventional control like PI (Proportional and Integral) controller, effective only for certain condition but uneffective for condition with non linier systems. To handle this problems, it is proposed using Neuro-Fuzzy controller. Application of these system will improve performance indicator of PI controller applied in combination Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Control to get robust performance system. For respon transient experiment, with differential pressure ( P) 37.91 kg/cm2, Neuro-Fuzzy controller result better performance corcerning to PI controller with settling time 7.3 seconds, maximum overshoot 11.6223 %, error percent 0.0563013 % and error steady state 0.0213438 kg/cm2. Whereas, PI controller result settling time 22.3 seconds, maximum overshoot 17.8996 %, error percent 0.185294 % and error steady state 0.0702449 kg/cm2. For respon transient system simulation with noise and respon transient simulation with noise and load, Neuro-Fuzzy controller also shows better performance with settling time, maximum overshoot and error steady state smaller than PI controller

    A Biomedical Application by Using Optimal Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Control

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    Integrated Thermal Systems and Controls Modelling for AUTO Mode Simulation and Optimization

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    Virtual product development has become the preferred approach for vehicle A/C system development. The advantages provided by virtual modelling compared to traditional approach are accelerated development pace and reduced cost. The thesis focuses on virtual modelling of the A/C system on a SUV vehicle based on experimental data. A virtual model of the A/C system is constructed and calibrated in Simcenter Amesim. The model includes a vapour-compression refrigeration cycle and a cabin air model. The components are modelled and calibrated based on supplier data. The two thermal systems interact thermally at the evaporator level. The cabin air blower unit with a PI controller and a small DC motor is also modelled in MATLAB/Simulink. The virtual thermal model is able to simulate the cabin air temperature development during High Ambient AUTO mode drive cycle. The controlled DC motor system tracks reference speed to provide adequate air flow for the cabin. The virtual models can be used for A/C system and components performance analysis and optimization. The modelling process provides deeper understanding on thermal and control systems design

    Safe Experimentation Dynamics Algorithm for Identification of Cupping Suction Based on the Nonlinear Hammerstein Model

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    The use of cupping therapy for various health benefits has increased in popularity recently. Potential advantages of cupping therapy include pain reduction, increased circulation, relaxation, and skin health. The increased blood flow makes it easier to supply nutrients and oxygen to the tissues, promoting healing. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this technique greatly depends on the negative pressure's ability to create the desired suction effect on the skin. This research paper suggests a method to detect the cupping suction model by employing the Hammerstein model and utilizing the Safe Experimentation Dynamics (SED) algorithm. The problem is that the cupping suction system experiences pressure leaks and is difficult to control. Although, stabilizing the suction pressure and developing an effective controller requires an accurate model. The research contribution lies in utilizing the SED algorithm to tune the parameters of the Hammerstein model specifically for the cupping suction system and figure out the real system with a continuous-time transfer function. The experimental data collected for cupping therapy exhibited nonlinearity attributed to the complex dynamics of the system, presenting challenges in developing a Hammerstein model. This work used a nonlinear model to study the cupping suction system. Input and output data were collected from the differential pressure sensor for 20 minutes, sampling every 0.1 seconds. The single-agent method SED has limited exploration capabilities for finding optimum value but excels in exploitation. To address this limitation, incorporating initial values leads to improved performance and a better match with the real experimental observations. Experimentation was conducted to find the best model parameters for the desired suction pressure. The therapy can be administered with greater precision and efficacy by accurately identifying the suction pressure. Overall, this research represents a promising development in cupping therapy. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the proposed nonlinear Hammerstein models improve accuracy by 84.34% through the tuning SED algorithm
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