An energy-efficient smart comfort sensing system based on the IEEE 1451 standard for green buildings

In building automation, comfort is an important aspect, and the real-time measurement of comfort is notoriously complicated. In this paper, we have developed a wireless, smart comfort sensing system. The important parameters in designing the prevalent measurement of comfort systems, such as portability, power consumption, reliability, and system cost, were considered. To achieve the target design goals, the communication module, sensor node, and sink node were developed based on the IEEE1451 standard. Electrochemical and semiconductor sensors were considered for the development of the sensor array, and the results of both technologies were compared. The sensor and sink nodes were implemented using the ATMega88 microcontroller. Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 preview was used to create the graphical user interface in C#. The sensors were calibrated after the signal processing circuit to ensure that the standard accuracy of the sensor was achieved. This paper presents detailed design solutions to problems that existed in the literature.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7361hj201

Vehicle Monitoring System based On IOT, Using 4G/LTE

In our World of today, the quest to get rich at all cost without working for our money has led some of our youth into crimes such as robbery and kidnapping. As a result of this and by the sheer fact that vehicles are now very expensive to buy these days, there is a need for people to safeguard their vehicles against these hoodlums to avoid loss of their precious Assets to these rampaging criminals. Tracking is technology that is used by many companies and individuals to track a vehicle, an individual or an asset by using many ways like GPS that operates using satellites and ground-based stations or by using our approach which depends on the cellular mobile towers. Vehicle tracking system is a system that can be used in monitoring and locating a vehicle, avoid theft or recover a stolen vehicle, for monitoring of vehicle routes to ensure strict compliance to an already defined vehicle routes, monitor driver’s behavior, predict bus arrival as well as for fleet management. Internet of things has made it very possible to devices to inter communicate amongst themselves and exchange information, helping in acquiring and analyzing information faster that we used to know in the past and this has helped more especially in vehicle monitoring to ensure that vehicle owners feel safe about their investments without fearing about their loss. In this paper, we propose a vehicle monitoring system based on IOT technology, using 4G/LTE to get the get the coordinate, speed, and overall condition of the vehicle, process and send to a remote server to be analyzed and used in locating the vehicle and monitor its other configured parameters. This is realized using Raspberry pi, 4G/LTE, GPS, Accelerometer and other sensors with communicate amongst themselves to get the environmental parameters which is processed and sent to a remote server where it is analyzed and represented on a map to locate the vehicle and monitor the other set parameters. 4G/LTE provides fast internet connectivity with overcomes the usual delay usually experienced in sending the acquired signals to be processed. The True Vehicle position is represented using google geolocation service and the actual position triangulated in real-time

An event-triggered smart sensor network architecture

A smart transducer is the integration of a sensor/actuator element, a processing unit and a network interface. Smart sensor networks are composed of smart transducer nodes interconnected through a communication network. This paper proposes a new architecture for smart sensor networks, that is driven by events (asynchronous data). The events are derived from a data compression algorithm embedded in the smart sensor, which compresses data from the sensor. The proposed architecture also provides configuration and monitoring data to manage the distributed system

Current status of the IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor applications

In this paper, we have discussed the sensor-based applications and what is necessary for the dissimilarities in hardware realization and algorithm. This paper presents the existing state-of-the-art of IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor applications and is mainly focused on standard transducer interface module (STIM), network capable application processor (NCAP), and transducer-independent interface (TII). They have some major factors that are regularly imperative in the development of IEEE 1451 standard-based applications, such as plug and play facility, for one or more than one STIM, communication protocols/network’s, architecture, reliability, maintenance, accuracy, easy to use, cost, transducer electronic data sheet, test facility, and so on. The above concerns are also summarized by reference to research articles on STIM, NCAP, and TII. Highlighting is on the predictability of dynamic applications that concentrate on the above mentioned criteria.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7361hb201

Protocol and Architecture to Bring Things into Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept proposes that everyday objects are globally accessible from the Internet and integrate into new services having a remarkable impact on our society. Opposite to Internet world, things usually belong to resource-challenged environmentswhere energy, data throughput, and computing resources are scarce. Building upon existing standards in the field such as IEEE1451 and ZigBee and rooted in context semantics, this paper proposes CTP (Communication Things Protocol) as a protocol specification to allow interoperability among things with different communication standards as well as simplicity and functionality to build IoT systems. Also, this paper proposes the use of the IoT gateway as a fundamental component in IoT architectures to provide seamless connectivity and interoperability among things and connect two different worlds to build the IoT: the Things world and the Internet world. Both CTP and IoT gateway constitute a middleware content-centric architecture presented as the mechanism to achieve a balance between the intrinsic limitations of things in the physical world and what is required fromthem in the virtual world. Said middleware content-centric architecture is implemented within the frame of two European projects targeting smart environments and proving said CTP’s objectives in real scenarios

Fiber bragg grating sensors for mainstream industrial processes

This paper reviews fiber Bragg grating sensing technology with respect to its use in mainstream industrial process applications. A review of the various types of sensors that have been developed for industries such as power generation, water treatment and services, mining, and the oil and gas sector has been performed. A market overview is reported as well as a discussion of some of the factors limiting their penetration into these markets. Furthermore, the author’s make recommendations for future work that would potentially provide significant opportunity for the advancement of fiber Bragg grating sensor networks in these mainstream industries

Design and testing of a kinetic energy harvester embedded into an oceanic drifter

© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.A novel Kinetic Energy Harvester (KEH) has been developed for powering oceanic undrogued drifters. It consists on a double pendulum system capable of transforming the wave oscillations into rotation on a flywheel. This rotation is converted into DC current by an electrical generator and further processed by a power management unit (PMU). The PMU includes a “maximum power point tracking” system to maximize energy production by the generator. An oceanic drifter has also been designed to embed the KEH and a custom-made measurement system to perform real sea tests. It counts on an Inertial Measurement Unit to study the motion of the drifter and an embedded measurement system to estimate the rotation speed of the generator and the power at both the input and output of the PMU. A Wi-Fi connection is also included for data transfer at short distances. The generator was firstly characterized at the laboratory; the drifter was then placed on a linear shaker to assess its performance. Finally, the drifter was deployed in a controlled sea area with average values of wave height and frequency of 1.43 m and 0.29 Hz, respectively. In these conditions, the drifter showed horizontal and vertical oscillations with peak-to-peak accelerations of 0.8 g and power spectra centered around 1.5 Hz and 1 Hz, respectively. As a result, the KEH generated a mean output power of 0.18 mW, with peaks of 2.5 mW.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

eBike Energy Meter with Bluetooth and MQTT Data Transfer

The main categories of electric mobility are elevators and electric vehicles. The elevators are a reliable and convenient way of transport. The electric vehicles have been gaining global interest in the last years due to their capacity to reduce GHG and to their high efficiency. The electric bicycles are a convenient way of transport because they are small, reduce traffic jams and improve the rider’s health. The goal of the dissertation is to develop an embedded system capable of measure voltage, current and power from the electric battery of an electric bicycle, send data to a smartphone by Bluetooth, and from the smartphone to a computer using MQTT network. The system had to be developed under the IEEE1451 Standard. The methodology used was literature review of energymetters developed around the world; study of IEEE1451 standards; design of the system based on sensors, actuators and the communication between them and the processor; hardware development using mbed microcontroller, INA260 sensor, HC05 Bluetooth module and a SD breakout board; firmware development based on pooling, interruption, state machines and TEDS; Smartphone app development based on Bluetooth and MQTT networks; Management application development based on node connections using software NodeRed; Finally tests performance and results analysis. The system developed here may contribute to perform tests to verify the electric consumption, current, voltage and power of eBike in different conditions such as varying the cyclist mass, eBike mass, acceleration conditions, speed conditions, air conditions, slope degree and routes. This may allow to discover the most economical routes or trace the user profile. In this way, together with air pollution gas tracking and Photovoltaic eBike charging, this project may contribute to urban mobility sustainability and better quality of life. In comparison to the energy meters revised in the literature, the system developed here is integrated with the eBike and has lightweight. This makes the experiments easy to be conducted.INTRODUÇÃO A introdução aborda o contexto do problema e motivação, os objetivos, metodologia e estrutura da dissertação. As principais categorias de mobilidade elétrica são elevadores e veículos elétricos. Os elevadores são uma forma de transporte confiável e conveniente. Já os veículos elétricos estão ganhando importância global pela sua capacidade de reduzir os gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa e pela sua alta eficiência, mais alta do que carros a combustão, hidrogênio, etanol e biodiesel. O objetivo geral da dissertação é desenvolver um sistema embarcado capaz de medir tensão, corrente e potência de uma bateria de uma bicicleta elétrica, enviar os dados para um smartphone por Bluetooth, e do smartphone para um computador pela rede MQTT. O sistema deve ser desenvolvido de acordo com as normas IEEE1451. A metodologia usada foi uma revisão de literatura de medidores de energia desenvolvidos ao redor do mundo para depois serem comparados com o sistema desenvolvido aqui; estudo das normas IEEE1451 para entender como aplicar os princípios no desenvolvimento do sistema; projeto do sistema baseado em aquisição de dados de sensores, transferência de dados com atuadores e a comunicação entre eles e os processadores; desenvolvimento de hardware usando princípios de IoT e o microcontrolador mbed, o sensor INA260, o modulo de Bluetooth HC05 e uma breakout board SD; desenvolvimento de firmware baseado em pooling, interrupção, maquinas de estado e Data Sheet Eletrônicos dos Transdutores (TEDS); Desenvolvimento de aplicativo para smartphone baseado nas redes Bluetooth e MQTT; Desenvolvimento da Aplicação de Gerenciamento baseado na conexão de nos usando o software Node-Red; e Finalmente realização de testes e analise de resultados. MOBILIDADE ELÉTRICA Este capítulo aborda uma revisão teórica sobre veículos elétricos, bicicletas elétricas, medidores de energia e as normas IEEE1451. Existem diferentes configurações de veículos elétricos usando diferentes baterias, conversores de potência, motores elétricos e marchas. As baterias mais usadas em veículos elétricos são as de Lítio-Íon porque elas possuem uma alta capacidade de armazenamento, alta tensão, carga rápida e um longo ciclo de vida. As bicicletas elétricas são um meio de transporte conveniente porque são pequenas, podem reduzir o congestionamento de trânsito e podem melhorar a saúde do ciclista. As bicicletas elétricas podem ser classificadas em geral, por função, por recursos estruturais e por proposito a depender se tem assistência do pedal, se são tripuladas, os tipos de estruturas, número de rodas e onde são usadas. Os medidores de energia estudados na literatura foram publicados entre 2015 e 2019 e apresentaram testes em bicicletas que tem o motor elétrico mas também tem assistência do pedal. Os testes foram realizados principalmente na Europa e os parâmetros analisados foram elétricos, dinâmicos, ambientais. A IEEE1451 é uma família de 7 padrões para padronizar transdutores e permitir interoperabilidade. A IEEE1451 propõe a adição de TEDS para armazenar informações sobre os transdutores ao transdutor inteligente além da rede de comunicação, processor de aplicação, condicionamento de sinal, conversão de dados e transdutores presentes no transdutor básico. BICICLETA ELÉTRICA EQUIPADA COM UM MÓDULO DE INTERFACE DO TRANSDUTOR (TIM) Este capítulo aborda o projeto do sistema embarcado, o desenvolvimento de hardware e software e a fabricação da Placa de Circuito Impresso (PCB). O projeto do sistema foi feito através da modelagem dos componentes como canais de transdutores como propõem as normas IEEE1451. Os canais de transdutores são um transdutor e todos os componentes de condicionamento de sinal e conversão associados a ele. Os canais de transdutores utilizados foram Atuador Digital Embarcado, Sensor de Evento Digital Embarcado, Sensor de Entrada Analógico e Sensor Digital Embarcado. O desenvolvimento de hardware foi feito através do desenvolvimento de circuitos usando as interfaces I2C, serial e SPI. A PCB foi modelada e fabricada usando desenvolvimentos de esquemático e layout com o software Design Spark. O desenvolvimento de firmware foi feito em C usando o compilador online mbed. No programa, primeiro há a inclusão de bibliotecas, definição, configuração, declaração e inicialização de variáveis e funções. Depois numa função loop, há a leitura de comandos por Bluetooth e execução de uma das ações: acionamento do canal de transdutor, leitura de TEDS ou apagamento de arquivos. Por último há a implementação de máquina de estado de cada um dos canais de transdutores e funções de aquisição de dados de potência, tensão e corrente. APLICATIVO MOVEL DO PROCESSADOR DE APLICACAO DE REDE (NCAP) O aplicativo para smartphone foi desenvolvido em Java usando o software Android Studio. Há a troca de dados por Bluetooth entre o sistema e o smartphone, e a troca de dados por MQTT entre o smartphone e a internet. O desenvolvimento de Bluetooth foi feito através da pesquisa de dispositivos e conexão, enquanto que o desenvolvimento MQTT foi feito usando funções de publish e subscribe. APLICATIVO DE GESTÃO O aplicativo de gestão foi desenvolvido usando Flow Charts no software NodeRed. Os nós Button, MQTT out, MQTT in, inject, msg.payload, Split, delay e chart foram conectados para habilitar a conexão do aplicativo com o smartphone e gerar uma Interface. A interface do aplicativo fica disponível online e possui botões que ativam as funções do smartphone e do sistema. Os dados de texto são mostrados numa scrolling table e os parâmetros elétricos são mostrados em gráficos. SISTEMA FINAL Este capítulo explica o funcionamento final do sistema. O aplicativo de gestão manda comandos para um servidor na internet por MQTT. O servidor envia esses comandos para o smartphone por MQTT. O smartphone envia os comandos para o sistema acoplado a eBike por Bluetooth. O sistema acoplado a eBike realiza aquisição de dados de parâmetros elétricos e envia os dados para o smartphone por Bluetooth. O smartphone envia os dados para o servidor na internet por MQTT, e o servidor envia os dados para o aplicativo de gestão em um computador. TESTES DE VALIDAÇÃO Este capitulo apresenta a realização de testes e analise de resultados. Além dos testes de hardware, o sistema passou por 3 conjuntos de testes. No primeiro conjunto de testes houve a aquisição de dados de parâmetros elétricos de uma resistência de potência. O segundo conjunto de testes foram realizados através da medição de parâmetros elétricos de uma bateria de uma bicicleta elétrica com corrente aproximadamente constante. O terceiro conjunto de testes também foi feito na bicicleta elétrica mas com corrente variável. O sistema inteiro funcionou bem. A aquisição de dados pelo sistema teve a mesma tendência que os dados adquiridos por um osciloscópio. A transferência de dados entre o sistema, o smartphone e o aplicativo de gestão foi testado separadamente e o sistema respondeu aos comandos enviados pela interface. As TEDS foram recebidas e mostradas corretamente na scrolling table. Os parâmetros elétricos foram recebidos e mostrados nos gráficos corretamente. CONCLUSÕES O sistema desenvolvido pode contribuir para a realização de testes para verificar o consumo elétrico, corrente, tensão e potência de uma bicicleta elétrica submetida a diferentes condições como variação da massa do ciclista, massa da bicicleta elétrica, aceleração, velocidade, condições do ar, grau de inclinação e rotas. Isso pode permitir a descoberta das rotas mais econômicas e o perfil dos ciclistas. Desse modo, juntamente com o monitoramento da poluição do ar e carregamento por painéis fotovoltaicos, este projeto pode contribuir para a sustentabilidade da mobilidade urbana e melhor qualidade de vida. Em comparação com os energymetters revisados na literatura, o sistema desenvolvido nesse trabalho está integrado a bicicleta elétrica e tem pequeno peso, de modo que não interfere muito nas condições do ciclista. Assim, experimentos podem ser conduzidos de forma conveniente. Por outro lado, nos testes realizados nos sistemas estudados na literatura, o ciclista precisava carregar um laptop

Electroplating process plant automation and management using emerging automation and communications technologies

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.The Electroplating (EP) process industry is currently facing some challenging process control problems in their production plant due to an insufficient level of automation being applied in the industry; the control is largely manual, and the monitoring of both plant and processes is ad hoc. The requirement for higher production volumes, tighter product tolerances, and the eagerness for better quality with lower cost are forcing the electroplating Companies to automate their processes and develop more responsive process and plant monitoring and control systems. Emerging Automation and communications technologies have now made it possible to effectively implement distributed control system (DCS) based control architecture with hybrid (wired/wireless) communication networks in the industry for achieving both process automation and plant management, offering various advantages such as for real-time process plant monitoring and control, plant visualization and provision of management information for control of production throughout the plant. Electroplating process industries comprising plants with numerous process stages and production operations will particularly benefit from implementing DCS where individual process stages and functions are distributed into computing nodes (i.e., control computers and smart devices) that are physically separated; and all the computing nodes are interconnected by advanced hybrid (wired/wireless) communications networks. The introduction of less expensive and more functional microprocessors has advanced the state of the art in distributed control system technology. This research aims to develop an integrated advanced process monitoring and plant management system for an electroplating industry using emerging automation and communications technologies.University of Wolverhampton and Leonardt Ltd