Powering the future: a comprehensive review of battery energy storage systems

Global society is significantly speeding up the adoption of renewable energy sources and their integration into the current existing grid in order to counteract growing environmental problems, particularly the increased carbon dioxide emission of the last century. Renewable energy sources have a tremendous potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions because they practically never produce any carbon dioxide or other pollutants. On the other hand, these energy sources are usually influenced by geographical location, weather, and other factors that are of stochastic nature. The battery energy storage system can be applied to store the energy produced by RESs and then utilized regularly and within limits as necessary to lessen the impact of the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. The main purpose of the review paper is to present the current state of the art of battery energy storage systems and identify their advantages and disadvantages. At the same time, this helps researchers and engineers in the field to find out the most appropriate configuration for a particular application. This study offers a thorough analysis of the battery energy storage system with regard to battery chemistries, power electronics, and management approaches. This paper also offers a detailed analysis of battery energy storage system applications and investigates the shortcomings of the current best battery energy storage system architectures to pinpoint areas that require further study.This publication is part of the project TED2021-132864A-I00, funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR”.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Smart LiFePO4 battery modules in a fast charge application for local public transportation

This paper describes the research effort jointly carried out by the University of Pisa and ENEA on electrochemical energy storage systems based on Lithium-ion batteries, particularly the Lithium-Iron-Phosphate cells. In more detail, the paper first illustrates the design and experimental characterization of a family of 12 V modules, each of them provided with an electronic management system, to be used for electric traction. Then, the sizing of the energy storage system for an electric bus providing a service with 'fast and frequent' charge phases is described

Advanced Battery Technologies: New Applications and Management Systems

In recent years, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been increasingly contributing to the development of novel engineering systems with energy storage requirements. LIBs are playing an essential role in our society, as they are being used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from consumer electronics, electric mobility, renewable energy storage, biomedical applications, or aerospace systems. Despite the remarkable achievements and applicability of LIBs, there are several features within this technology that require further research and improvements. In this book, a collection of 10 original research papers addresses some of those key features, including: battery testing methodologies, state of charge and state of health monitoring, and system-level power electronics applications. One key aspect to emphasize when it comes to this book is the multidisciplinary nature of the selected papers. The presented research was developed at university departments, institutes and organizations of different disciplines, including Electrical Engineering, Control Engineering, Computer Science or Material Science, to name a few examples. The overall result is a book that represents a coherent collection of multidisciplinary works within the prominent field of LIBs

Possibilities and limitations of active battery management systems for lithium-ion batteries

(English) Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) are being used in more and more areas of application. At the same time, their chemical composition and their designs are constantly evolving. Major developments are also taking place in the field of Battery Management Systems (BMSs), which are essential for the safe operation of LIBs. The focus is on intelligent charge redistribution between individual cells, called Active Balancing (AB). This thesis deals with the possibilities and limitations of AB. An empirical long-term experiment provides new insights into the ageing behaviour of batteries that are actively balanced during their entire service life. The main objective of this work is to to demonstrate influences on the ageing behaviour of batteries that are still unknown at present. A literature study shows that previous work in this area is often based on theoretical approaches and rarely has a functional proof through measurement results. Most significant statements from literature are examined. These include the increase in discharge capacity, energy efficiency and service life associated with AB, as well as lower parameter variation of the individual cells installed in the battery. Before starting the empirical experiment, the current state of the art is captured and a universal AB topology is selected from a large number of known systems. The operating behaviour as well as the balancing algorithms are explained in detail in order to be able to understand the influences occurring during the ageing of the batteries. The ageing experiment itself is a comparison test between commercial Passive Balancing (PB) and the novel AB. Two identical battery packs are aged under uniform conditions, but with the two different BMSs mentioned above. At the end of the ageing process, the battery packs are disassembled and the parameters of all individual cells are determined for further investigation. The main contribution of this work is the proof of effects through AB, especially with large battery loads. Both the increase in discharge capacity and the service life are demonstrated. The work shows how parameter variation of individual cells can be made visible during operation. It also presents diagnosis and calculation methods. The energetic efficiency of the batteries cannot be increased, since the self-consumption of the power electronics of the AB system is always higher than with PB. However, the overall efficiency of the battery increases due to an increase in capacity and an extension of the service life. The thesis also shows that with lower battery loads, the use of AB is not beneficial any more or may lead to negative effects. In such applications conventional PB is sufficient. The results obtained during pack ageing are additionally substantiated and extended by the measurement results of the individual cells. At the end of the thesis, all results and contributions are summarised. Suggestions for optimisation as well as further research ideas are presented as a possible starting point for further scientific studies.(Català) Les bateries d’ions de liti (Lithium Ion Batteries, en anglès) s’usen en més aplicacions. Al mateix temps, la seva composició química i dissenys estan en evolució constant. Els sistemes de gestió del bateries (Battery Management Systems, en anglès), que són essencials per l’operació de les LIB, també estan en constant evolució. El focus principal està en la distribució intel·ligent de càrrega elèctrica entre cel·les individuals, l’anomenat balanceig actiu (Active Balancing, en anglès). Un assaig empíric, de llarga durada, com el dut a terme en aquest treball, dona molt informació en el procés d’envelliment de les cel·les durant tota la seva vida. El principal objectiu d’aquest treball és demostrar les influències encara desconegudes en el procés d’envelliment de les cel·les. L’estudi de la literatura mostra que el treball previ en aquesta àrea està sovint basat en aproximacions teòriques i estranyament ensenya resultats empírics que ho corroborin. En aquest treball s’examinen la majoria de presumpcions que es poden trobar a la literatura. Aquestes inclouen l’increment en la capacitat, l’eficiència energètica i la vida útil associada a un balanceig actiu de les cel·les, així com la reducció de la variació dels paràmetres de cada cel·la en una bateria. Abans de procedir amb l’experiment empíric, es revisa l’estat de l’art en els aspectes fonamentals per aquest estudi. També se selecciona una tipologia de sistema de balanceig actiu per tal de realitzar l’experiment. El treball detalla el procediment d’operació així com l’algoritme de balanceig actiu implementat per tal d’entendre els fenòmens que influencien la degradació de les cel·les durant la seva vida. L’experiment d’envelliment és una comparació entre un sistema de balanceig passiu (Passive Balancing, en anglès) i un de balanceig actiu. Per això s’escullen dues bateries idèntiques, però gestionades diferentment per dos sistemes de gestió diferents. Al final de l’assaig, les bateries es desmunten i s’analitza cada cel·la de forma individual per tal de determinar-ne els seus paràmetres i el seu envelliment. La principal contribució d’aquest treball es el demostrar els efectes del balanceig actiu , sobretot en bateries amb una càrrega elevada. El treball demostra que el balanceig actiu millor gla capacitat de la bateria i la vida útil. El treball també mostra com la variació dels paràmetres de les cel·les es pot fer visible durant la seva operació. També presenta nous mètodes de diagnosi i càlcul d’aquests paràmetres. L’eficiència energètica de les bateries no es pot augmentar degut al consum propi i les pèrdues del sistema de balanceig actiu basat en electrònica de potencia. Si que augmenta l’eficiència global de la bateria, ja que augmenta la seva capacitat i la vida útil. El treball també mostra que en bateries sotmeses a baixa càrrega, el balanceig actiu no aporta cap avantatge respecte el balanceig passiu. Fins i tot en algunes situacions, els efectes del balanceig actiu són negatius. En aquestes aplicacions, es recomana l’ús d’un sistema de balanceig passiu. Els resultats obtinguts durant l’assaig de la bateria queden reforçats quan es fa l’anàlisi de cada cel·la de forma individual. Al final del treball, es resumeixen tots els resultats a més de proporcionar suggereixes per la optimització així com possibles línies de futures investigacionsPostprint (published version

A Design for a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Monitoring System Based on NB-IoT-ZigBee

With environmental issues arising from the excessive use of fossil fuels, clean energy has gained widespread attention, particularly the application of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are integrated into various industrial products, which necessitates higher safety requirements. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is an LPWA (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology that provides IoT devices with low-power, low-cost, long-endurance, and wide-coverage wireless connectivity. This study addresses the shortcomings of existing lithium-ion battery pack detection systems and proposes a lithium-ion battery monitoring system based on NB-IoT-ZigBee technology. The system operates in a master-slave mode, with the subordinate module collecting and fusing multi-source sensor data, while the master control module uploads the data to local monitoring centers and cloud platforms via TCP and NB-IoT. Experimental validation demonstrates that the design functions effectively, accomplishing the monitoring and protection of lithium-ion battery packs in energy storage power stations

Battery charging system incorporating an equalisation circuit for electric vehicles

Ph.D. ThesisHybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining in popularity mainly due to the fact that unlike combustion-powered vehicles, they do not pollute with greenhouse gases and toxic particles. Most HEVs and EVs are powered by lithium-ion battery packs which have high power density and longer cycle lives compared to other battery types. Each pack is made out of many battery cells in series connected and due to manufacturing tolerances and chemical processes in individual cells each cell has its own electric characteristics. In order to achieve a balanced voltage across all cells, a battery management system (BMS) must be employed to actively monitor and balance the cells voltage. On-board battery chargers are installed in HEVs/EVs to charge the lithium-ion battery pack from the grid. This charger converts AC grid voltage into a controllable DC output voltage, but it adds weight to the vehicle, reducing the overall efficiency of an HEV/EV and also increasing its cost. The aim of researches in multi-functional power electronics is to design systems which perform several different functions at the same time. These systems promise cost and weight reductions since only one circuit is used to conduct different functions. An example is the electric drive in an HEV/EV. On one hand, it propels the car forward when driving, while on the other hand the battery can be charged via a modified electric motor and inverter topology. Thus, no additional on-board charger is required. This thesis describes a new multi-functional circuit for HEVs/EVs which combines the functions of voltage equalisation with grid charging. Compared to a drive system, the proposed circuit does not rely on an electric motor to charge the battery. Various battery chargers and equalisation circuits are first compared. Then, the design of the proposed circuit is described and simulation results are presented for charging and voltage balancing. An experimental test rig was built and practical results have been captured and compared with simulation results for validation. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed circuit are discussed at the end of the thesis. Keywords- Multi-functional system, Battery charging, Voltage equalisation, Lithium-ion batter

NASA Tech Briefs Index, 1977, volume 2, numbers 1-4

Announcements of new technology derived from the research and development activities of NASA are presented. Abstracts, and indexes for subject, personal author, originating center, and Tech Brief number are presented for 1977