Techniques in secure chaos communication

In today's climate of increased criminal attacks on the privacy of personal or confidential data over digital communication systems, a more secure physical communication link is required. Chaotic signals which have bifurcation behavior (depending on some initial condition) can readily be exploited to enhance the security of communication systems. A chaotic generator produces disordered sequences that provide very good auto- and cross- correlation properties similar to those of random white noise. This would be an important feature in multiple access environments. These sequences are used to scramble data in spread spectrum systems as they can produce low co-channel interference, hence improve the system capacity and performance. The chaotic signal can be created from only a single mathematical relationship and is neither restricted in length nor is repetitive/ cyclic. On the other hand, with the progress in digital signal processing and digital hardware, there has been an increased interest in using adaptive algorithms to improve the performance of digital systems. Adaptive algorithms provide the system with the ability to self-adjust its coefficients according to the signal condition, and can be used with linear or non-linear systems; hence, they might find application in chaos communication. There has been a lot of literature that proposed the use of LMS adaptive algorithm in the communication arena for a variety of applications such as (but not limited to): channel estimation, channel equalization, demodulation, de-noising, and beamforming. In this thesis, we conducted a study on the application of chaos theory in communication systems as well as the application of adaptive algorithms in chaos communication. The First Part of the thesis tackled the application of chaos theory in com- munication. We examined different types of communication techniques utilizing chaos theory. In particular, we considered chaos shift keying (CSK) and mod- ified kind of logistic map. Then, we applied space-time processing and eigen- beamforming technique to enhance the performance of chaos communication. Following on, we conducted a study on CSK and Chaos-CDMA in conjunction with multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as OFDM (FFT/ IFFT) and wavelet-OFDM. In the Second Part of the thesis, we tried to apply adaptivity to chaos com- munication. Initially, we presented a study of multi-user detection utilizing an adaptive algorithm in a chaotic CDMA multi-user environment, followed by a study of adaptive beamforming and modified weight-vector adaptive beam- forming over CSK communication. At last, a study of modified time-varying adaptive filtering is presented and a conventional adaptive filtering technique is applied in chaotic signal environment. Twelve papers have been published during the PhD candidature, include two journal papers and ten refereed conference papers

Physical Layer Security using Time-Reversal Pre-Coding based OFDM-DCSK Communication System with Artificial Noise Injection

In this paper, Time-Reversal (TR) pre-coding with Artificial Noise (AN) injection is proposed to enhance the physical layer security (PLS) performance in orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Differential Chaos Shift Keying (OFDM-DCSK) system, which is named the TRAN-OFDM-DCSK system. This approach is provided to achieve high data rates, high PL data security, and high reliability performance. The AN signal does not spoil the transmitted data to the genuine receiver, but it reduces the ungenuine detection performance. This system ensures the secrecy of communication to the genuine receiver when the sender knows the Channel State Information (CSI) of the genuine communication link. Still, the information about the instantaneous CSI of a possible eavesdropper does not know the transmitter. The performance of the proposed TRAN-OFDM-DCSK system is investigated and tested under a Flat Rayleigh Fading Channel (FRFC). An approach is provided for calculating the performance of Bit Error Rate (BER), and the expression of BER analytical is derived and compared with the simulation version. Furthermore, the ergodic Secrecy Rate (SR) is derived and analyzed at the genuine and ungenuine receivers over the FRFC. Our result shows the best performance for the genuine receiver compared with ungenuine receiver regarding secrecy performance for BER and SR

THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MULTI USER OFDM ORTHOGONAL CHAOTIC VECTOR SHIFT KEYING SUPPORTED BY LDPC

Recently, LDPC code have become very important research area in wireless communication due to its ability to increase the capacity in a wireless fading environment, with low implementation complexity. In this paper, LDPC are combined with Multi User OFDM Orthogonal Chaotic Vector Shift Keying (MU-OFDM-OCVSK) communication system to improve the BER performance over multi-path Rayleigh fading channels. Two types of LDPC decoder are introduced that are Log-Domain and Min-Sum decoder. The system is simulated using MATLAB program version 2019a for different scenarios which include different number of iterations, different block lengths, different number of users and different number of spreading factor. The results show that a coding gain in a range of (4.5 – 7) dB is achieved between the coded and uncoded MU-OFDM-OCVSK system. The results also show that the Min-Sum decoder outperform the Log-Domain decoder in all scenarios.

PALM CLIPPING AND NONLINEAR COMPANDING TECHNIQUES BASED PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM-DCSK SYSTEM

The main drawback of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) that is named (OFDM-DCSK) is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this paper, clipping and companding techniques are suggested to overcome the PAPR problem in the OFDM-DCSK system. For the clipping technique, the clipping function is applied before transmitting the signal without the need for an inverse function at the receiver side. While for companding techniques, the commanding function is applied at the end of the transmitter side and the corresponding decompanding function is applied at the receiver to recover the original signal. Different companding techniques are investigated including Hyperbolic, A-Law, and Mu-Law companding function that are compared with the Palm clipping technique. The MATLAB simulation result shows that the Mu-Law technique has the best PAPR reduction (7.22 dB) with a good bit error rate (BER) performance when the number of subcarriers is equal to 512

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ORTHOGONAL MULTI-LEVEL CODE-SHIFTED DIFFERENTIAL CHAOS SHIFT KEYING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Based on Orthogonal Chaotic Vector Shift Keying (OCVSK) system and Multilevel Code-Shifted Differential Chaos Shift Keying (MCS-DCSK) system, a new Multilevel Code-Shifted Differential Chaos Shift Keying (OMCS-DCSK) modulation system is proposed and designed in this paper. New orthogonal chaotic signal sets are generated using Gram-Schmidt algorithm and Walsh code function then these signals are used for bearing information bits to achieve higher data rate and better bandwidth efficiency compared with the conventional DCSK communication system. The bit error rate (BER) analysis of the OMCS-DCSK system over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channel is derived and compared with the simulation results. Also, the spectral and complexity analysis of the system are presented and compared with the conventional DCSK systems. The results show that the proposed system outperforms OCVSK and MCS-DCSK in BER performance and spectral efficienc

Chaotic-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2022, nr 4

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM), stands out among conventional communication technologies, as it uses the indices of the available transmit entities. Thanks to such an approach, it offers a novel method for the transmission of extra data bits. Recent years have seen a great interest in chaos-based communications. The spectrum-spreading signals used in chaotic signal modulation technologies are orthogonal to the existing mixed signals. This paper presents how well a non-coherent differential chaos shift keying communication system performs across an AWGN. Different types of detection methods are simulated, bit error rate and power spectral density are calculated and then compared with standard OFDM with index modulation. The results of simulations concerning the performance of a DCSK system, adding to the security of the proposed solution and offering a comparable bit error rate performance, are presented in the paper as well

Resource allocation technique for powerline network using a modified shuffled frog-leaping algorithm

Resource allocation (RA) techniques should be made efficient and optimized in order to enhance the QoS (power & bit, capacity, scalability) of high-speed networking data applications. This research attempts to further increase the efficiency towards near-optimal performance. RA’s problem involves assignment of subcarriers, power and bit amounts for each user efficiently. Several studies conducted by the Federal Communication Commission have proven that conventional RA approaches are becoming insufficient for rapid demand in networking resulted in spectrum underutilization, low capacity and convergence, also low performance of bit error rate, delay of channel feedback, weak scalability as well as computational complexity make real-time solutions intractable. Mainly due to sophisticated, restrictive constraints, multi-objectives, unfairness, channel noise, also unrealistic when assume perfect channel state is available. The main goal of this work is to develop a conceptual framework and mathematical model for resource allocation using Shuffled Frog-Leap Algorithm (SFLA). Thus, a modified SFLA is introduced and integrated in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. Then SFLA generated random population of solutions (power, bit), the fitness of each solution is calculated and improved for each subcarrier and user. The solution is numerically validated and verified by simulation-based powerline channel. The system performance was compared to similar research works in terms of the system’s capacity, scalability, allocated rate/power, and convergence. The resources allocated are constantly optimized and the capacity obtained is constantly higher as compared to Root-finding, Linear, and Hybrid evolutionary algorithms. The proposed algorithm managed to offer fastest convergence given that the number of iterations required to get to the 0.001% error of the global optimum is 75 compared to 92 in the conventional techniques. Finally, joint allocation models for selection of optima resource values are introduced; adaptive power and bit allocators in OFDM system-based Powerline and using modified SFLA-based TLBO and PSO are propose

Design of a New CIM-DCSK-Based Ambient Backscatter Communication System

To improve the data rate in differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) based ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) system, we propose a new AmBC system based on code index modulation (CIM), referred to as CIM-DCSK-AmBC system. In the proposed system, the CIM-DCSK signal transmitted in the direct link is used as the radio frequency source of the backscatter link. The signal format in the backscatter link is designed to increase the data rate as well as eliminate the interference of the direct link signal. As such, the direct link signal and the backscatter link signal can be received and demodulated simultaneously. Moreover, we derive and validate the theoretical bit error rate (BER) expressions of the CIM-DCSK-AmBC system over multipath Rayleigh fading channels. Regarding the short reference DCSK-based AmBC (SR-DCSK-AmBC) system as a benchmark system, numerical results reveal that the CIM-DCSK-AmBC system can achieve better BER performance in the direct link and higher throughput in the backscatter link than the benchmark system

Advanced index modulation techniques for future wireless networks

In the research study proposed in this Ph.D Thesis, we consider Index Modulation as a novel tool to enhance energy and spectral efficiencies for upcoming 5G networks, including wireless sensor networks and internet of things. In this vein, spatial modulation was proposed to enhance the capacity of wireless systems to partially achieve the capacity of MIMO systems but at lower cost, making it a technique that has attracted significant attention over the past few years. As such, SM schemes have been regarded as possible candidates for spectrum- and energy-efficient next generation MIMO systems. However, the implementation of the SM is also challenging because of its heavy dependence on channel characteristics, channel correlation, corrupted CSI and the need to have adequate spacing between antennas. Moreover, the SM requires multiple antennas at the transmitter which adds cost to the hardware implementation. In addition, the number of mapped bits in SM is limited by the physical size of the wireless device where only small number of antennas can be used. The switching time wasted by RF antenna switches adds to the complexity of the issue. In this Thesis, we study the drawbacks of SM in the articles indicated, namely Performance Comparison of Spatial Modulation Detectors Under Channel Impairments that is placed in the Appendix at the end of Thesis as it is a conference paper, and The Impact of Antenna Switching Time on Spatial Modulation that is put in Chapter 1. In the first article, we have shown that channel impairments have serious impacts on the BER performance and on the capacity of the SM system and that the SM is too sensitive to both imperfect and correlated channels. In the second article, we have demonstrated that the switching time defined as the time needed by the system to turn off an antenna and turn on another one, which is an inherent property of RF industrial switches used in SM systems, is in the order of nanoseconds and naturally influences the transmission rate of SM systems because of introducing systematic transmission gaps or pauses. Given the speed limitation of practical RF switches in performing transitions, antenna transition-based technologies like SM schemes are capped in terms of data rate performance. In fact, the effective data rate of SM will remain hostage to developments in industrial RF switches. This brings restrictions to the implementation and operation issues when extremely high data rates become a necessity. It is shown by the assemblage of our results that the switching time Tsw which is a requirement for transitions between antennas to happen, dictates restrictions on data rate, capacity and spectral efficiency of SM systems. Furthermore, we propose baseband non-hardware-based indexing modulation schemes based on frequency-index modulation, coherent chaotic modulation and non-coherent differential chaotic modulation schemes as potential alternatives to SM, that would also fit wireless sensor networks and internet of things applications. In this regard, we have proposed three articles. The first article which represents frequency index modulation is called Frequency Index Modulation for Low Complexity Low Energy Communication Networks and is placed in Chapter 2 of this Thesis. In this article, we explore a low complexity multi-user communication system based on frequency index modulation that suits Internet of Things (IoT) applications and we show that such a system would constitute an excellent candidate for wireless sensor applications, where it represents a simpler substitution for frequency-hopping (FH) based architectures, in which the hops carry extra bits. The third article which concerns coherent chaotic modulation is called Design of an Initial-Condition Index Chaos Shift Keying Modulation and is located in Chapter 3. In this article, an initial condition index chaos shift keying modulation is proposed. This design aims to increase the spectral and energy efficiencies to unprecedented levels. The proposed scheme exploits the initial conditions to generate different chaotic sequences to convey extra bits per transmission. In comparison to rival modulation schemes, the results obtained in the proposed work show a promising data rate boost and a competitive performance. The last article employs a non-coherent differential chaotic shift-key system named Permutation Index DCSK Modulation Technique for Secure Multi-User High-Data-Rate Communication Systems that is found in the Appendix. In this original design, where each data frame is divided into two time slots in which the reference chaotic signal is sent in the first time slot and a permuted replica of the reference signal multiplied by the modulating bit is sent in the second time slot, we target enhancing data security, energy and spectral efficiencies. Overall, in light of the high demands for bandwidth and energy efficiencies of futuristic systems, the suggested soft indexing mechanisms are successful candidates with promising results