Modeling and Analysis of the Performance of Exascale Photonic Networks

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Duro, José, Jose A. Pascual, Salvador Petit, Julio Sahuquillo, and María E. Gómez. 2018. Modeling and Analysis of the Performance of Exascale Photonic Networks. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 31 (21). Wiley. doi:10.1002/cpe.4773, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4773. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] Photonics technology has become a promising and viable alternative for both on-chip and off-chip interconnection networks of future Exascale systems. Nevertheless, this technology is not mature enough yet in this context, so research efforts focusing on photonic networks are still required to achieve realistic suitable network implementations. In this regard, system-level photonic network simulators can help guide designers to assess the multiple design choices. Most current research is done on electrical network simulators, whose components work widely different from photonics components. In this work, we summarize and compare the working behavior of both technologies which includes the use of optical routers, wavelength-division multiplexing and circuit switching among others. After implementing them into a well-known simulation framework, an extensive simulation study has been carried out using realistic photonic network configurations with synthetic and realistic traffic. Experimental results show that, compared to electrical networks, optical networks can reduce the execution time of the studied real workloads in almost one order of magnitude. Our study also reveals that the photonic configuration highly impacts on the network performance, being the bandwidth per channel and the message length the most important parameters.This work was supported by the ExaNeSt project, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant 671553, and by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and Plan E funds under grant TIN2015-66972-C5-1-R. Pascual was supported by a HiPEAC Collaboration Grant.Duro-Gómez, J.; Pascual Pérez, JA.; Petit Martí, SV.; Sahuquillo Borrás, J.; Gómez Requena, ME. (2019). Modeling and Analysis of the Performance of Exascale Photonic Networks. Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience. 31(21):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4773S1123121Top500 website. Accessed January2018.Kodi, A. K., Neel, B., & Brantley, W. C. (2014). Photonic Interconnects for Exascale and Datacenter Architectures. 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Laser-pushed light sails, a possible way for interstellar exploration

openIn questo studio viene preso in esame il concetto di Laser-driven light sails, il quale è una delle più promettenti proposte avanzate per superare le sfide poste dal viaggio interstellare. Questo è un metodo di propulsione che si basa sul fenomeno della pressione di radiazione: un corpo colpito da una radiazione elettromagnetica subisce una pressione. Questo meccanismo viene applicato attraverso l’utilizzo di un laser ad alta potenza, il quale raggio impatta sulla superficie di una sonda ultraleggera, formata da una vela di grandi dimensioni e da un piccolo carico, permettendole di raggiungere velocità relativistiche in un corto lasso di tempo. Questo concetto viene successivamente comparato con altri metodi di propulsione laser, valutandone i vari vantaggi e svantaggi. Vengono poi derivati due modelli matematici di moto, i quali sono confrontati dimostrando come l’approssimazione classica non è sufficiente ed è quindi necessario tener conto della correzione relativistica. Si deriva la relazione tra la distanza finale di accelerazione e le caratteristiche del sistema laser di lancio, dalla quale si ottiene il punto di massima efficienza attraverso cui può essere calcolata la potenza necessaria per raggiungere una data velocità finale. Obiettivo, questo, che dipende dalle caratteristiche strutturali della sonda in questione. Si cerca infine di massimizzarne l’efficienza rispettando i vincoli ottici e calcolando quelli termodinamici, i quali determineranno le caratteristiche necessarie per il materiale adeguato alla vela.This study examines the concept of Laser-driven light sails, which is one of the most promising proposals put forward to overcome the challenges posed by interstellar travel. This is a propulsion method based on the phenomenon of radiation pressure where a body stricken by an electromagnetic radiation undergoes a pressure. Laser-driven light sails generate thrust using a high-power laser, whose beam impacts the surface of an ultralight probe, formed by a large sail and a small payload, allowing them to reach relativistic speeds in a short amount of time. This concept is then compared with other methods of laser propulsion, evaluating the various advantages and disadvantages. Two mathematical models of motion are then derived, which are then compared by showing that the classical approximation is not sufficient, and it is therefore necessary to consider the relativistic correction. The relationship between the final acceleration distance and the characteristics of the launch laser system is derived, from which we obtain the point of maximum efficiency through which the necessary power to reach a given final speed can be calculated. This objective depends on the structural characteristics of the probe in question. Finally, we try to maximize its efficiency by abiding the optical constraints and calculating the thermodynamic ones, which will determine the necessary characteristics of the material suitable for the sail