Form and Data - from linear Calculus to cybernetic Computation and Interaction

Digital architecture developed in the 1960s and, supported by CAAD the 1990s, has created the path towards an architecture produced by computer and architect in a mutual relationship. The evolution of architecture since the 1970s led to the beginning of the first digital turn in the 1990s, and subsequently to the emergence of new typologies of buildings, architects and design tools; atom-based, bit-based (virtual) [1], and cyber-physical as a combination of both. The paper provides an insight into historical foundations of CAAD insofar as it engages with complexity in mechanics, geometry, and space between the 1600s and 1950s. I will address a selection of principles discovered, and mechanisms invented before computer-aided-architectural-design; those include the typewriter, the Cartesian grid and a pre-cyber-physical system by Hermann von Helmholtz. The paper concludes with a summary and an outlook to the future of CAAD challenged by the variety of correlations of disparate data sets

A portable MBE system for in situ X-Ray investigations at synchrotron beamlines

A portable synchrotron MBE system is designed and applied for in situ investigations. The growth chamber is equipped with all the standard MBE components such as effusion cells with shutters, main shutter, cooling shroud, manipulator, RHEED setup and pressure gauges. The characteristic feature of the system is the beryllium windows which are used for in situ x-ray measurements. An UHV sample transfer case allows in-vacuo transfer of samples prepared elsewhere. We describe the system design and demonstrate it's performance by investigating the annealing process of buried InGaAs self organized quantum dots

Automatic software for controlling cryogenic systems

A technical discussion of the lessons learned during the seven years of software development/testing which occurred on the Liquid Oxygen System for the Space Shuttle at the Kennedy Space Center is given. Problems which were solved during these years came into four distinct phases: design/debug before simulation runs, verification using simulation with models up through Space Transportation System-1 launch, hardware usage from first launch to Space Transportation System-5 launch, and future use. Each problem/solution describes the apparent problem requirements/constraints, usable alternatives, selected action, and results

The success factors of small business

Purpose: Small businesses in the economy of any country are of great significance. However, their viability is much lower than large and even medium ones. As is known, only a little number of the established small enterprises will not go bankrupt in a year, and they will succeed and continue developing for the next five years by expanding their activities. Even a smaller number of small enterprises will be able to transform into the medium one. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors that assist to define the success of small businesses’ performance and development. Design/Methodology/Approach: This commentary note studies, identifies and generalizes the success factors of small enterprises described in the works of many successful entrepreneurs both in Russia and abroad. The authors use the toolkit and methods of economic analysis, consider quantitative and qualitative characteristics and features of small business development as well as entrepreneurial abilities that allow to identify key factors for small businesses’ success. Findings: The authors have found that many successful entrepreneurs describing their experience in managing business and identifying main success factors of small businesses have similar opinions in this area. These main aspects have been identified. Practical Implications: The note provides practical recommendations to entrepreneurs establishing their small businesses and trying to develop them successfully. It describes main secrets of business and philosophies of entrepreneur’s actions. Originality/Value: The authors’ position is because business success is achieved by people who have not only the necessary economic knowledge but also those who have the necessary mindset, so called philosophy of success, personal attitude including intuition.peer-reviewe

The Epistemological Foundations of Knowledge Representations

This paper looks at the epistemological foundations of knowledge representations embodied in retrieval languages. It considers questions such as the validity of knowledge representations and their effectiveness for the purposes of retrieval and automation. The knowledge representations it considers are derived from three theories of meaning that have dominated twentieth-century philosophy.published or submitted for publicatio