A smart community energy management scheme considering user dominated demand side response and P2P trading

This paper proposed a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) local community energy pool and a User Dominated Demand Side Response (UDDSR) that can help energy sharing and reduce energy bills of smart community. The proposed UDDSR allows energy users within the community to submit flexible Demand Response (DR) bids to Community Energy Management Scheme (EMS) with flexible start time, stop time and response durations with regarding to users' comfort zones for electric heating systems, electric vehicles and other home appliances, which gives maximum freedom to the DR participants. The scheduling of the DR bids, originally a multi-objective optimization problem (maximize the total flexible demand and the flexible demand in every interval during the whole DR duration), is transferred to a single objective optimization problem (maximize the total demand with penalty for demand imbalance during the whole DR duration) that can significantly decrease the computational complexity. Furthermore, to facilitate efficient energy usage among neighbourhoods, a local energy pool is also proposed to enable the energy trading among users aiming to facilitate the usage of surplus energy within the community. The electricity price of energy pool is determined by the real-time demand/supply ratio, and upper/lower limit for the price is configured to ensure the profitability for all the participants within the pool. To evaluate the performance of proposed UDDSR and local energy pool, comprehensive numerical analysis is conducted. It is found that the energy pool participants without PV can get at least 6.16% savings on electricity bill (when PV penetration level equals to 20%). The energy pool participants with PV can get much better return (at least 13.4% profit increase) on the PV generation compared to the conventional Feed-in-Tariff. If energy users join the UDDSR scheme, the participants can get further return, and the proposed UDDSR can provide a constant load reduction/increase during the every time interval of the whole DR event. If Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is included in the DR operation, the usage efficiency of customers' flexible loads can achieve more than 85%

Contingency Management in Power Systems and Demand Response Market for Ancillary Services in Smart Grids with High Renewable Energy Penetration.

Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2017

Street Furniture and the Nation State: A Global Process

In the popular imagination, street furniture has traditionally been understood as evoking a sense of national or local identity. From Paris’ metro entrances, DDR lampposts in Berlin, and London’s york stone pavements, the designed environment has been able to contribute to the unique qualities of a place. In some instances this was deliberate. In postwar Britain for instance, the Council of Industrial Design – a state-funded design organization - often appeared to measure the quality of street furniture on the basis of its national characteristics. On other occasions, the relationship between such objects and identity emerged accidentally. In Britain during the 1980s, for example, the replacement of Gilbert Scott's red telephone box with an alternative BT model provoked considerable debate. For many people, this act was not just a Conservative attack on nationalization and state-ownership, but also on the very fabric of British identity. This understanding of street furniture has retained its currency for many years, and cities across the world have used street furniture to provide a sense of visual coherency for neighbourhoods in need of new identities, strengthening their character and improving the public's relationship to them. In this way, street furniture has been employed as a cipher for the narrative of regeneration, in which - as a means of altering the identity of a space - street furniture can project a new face upon the street. Increasingly however, advertising companies are able to lever themselves into the street furniture market by offering to provide the service to the local authorities for free in return for advertising space. In offering this service, global companies like JC Decaux, Wall and Clear Channel command a huge amount of commercial power within the city. The excessive homogenization of street furniture coupled with the overwhelming presence of advertising which is increasingly sanctioned by local authorities keen to reduce costs, has resulted in the perception of poorer quality streets. Thus, the irony of regeneration is that by seeking to promote the unique identity of a city, many places often end up looking more and more alike. This paper will examine recent developments in the process by which the street is furnished and the agents responsible. It will specifically look at how these changes have affected the relationship between street furniture and identity, and equally the effect this process has had on understandings of national design histories. Clearly, evaluating contemporary street furniture through the lens of the nation-state is of very little value, since the international differences between street furniture are considerably less marked than they used to be. This extraordinary aesthetic convergence is partly linked to economies of scale - after all, just how many different kinds of bus stop can Europe afford to have? Yet it also reflects some of the challenges posed by globalization and privatization of public space. This paper will reflect upon that process, and how these bigger narratives increasingly affect the landscape of the street