에너지 효율적 인공신경망 설계

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2019. 2. 최기영.최근 심층 학습은 이미지 분류, 음성 인식 및 강화 학습과 같은 영역에서 놀라운 성과를 거두고 있다. 최첨단 심층 인공신경망 중 일부는 이미 인간의 능력을 넘어선 성능을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 인공신경망은 엄청난 수의 고정밀 계산과 수백만개의 매개 변수를 이용하기 위한 빈번한 메모리 액세스를 수반한다. 이는 엄청난 칩 공간과 에너지 소모 문제를 야기하여 임베디드 시스템에서 인공신경망이 사용되는 것을 제한하게 된다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 인공신경망을 높은 에너지 효율성을 갖도록 설계하는 방법을 제안한다. 첫번째 파트에서는 가중 스파이크를 이용하여 짧은 추론 시간과 적은 에너지 소모의 장점을 갖는 스파이킹 인공신경망 설계 방법을 다룬다. 스파이킹 인공신경망은 인공신경망의 높은 에너지 소비 문제를 극복하기 위한 유망한 대안 중 하나이다. 기존 연구에서 심층 인공신경망을 정확도 손실없이 스파이킹 인공신경망으로 변환하는 방법이 발표되었다. 그러나 기존의 방법들은 rate coding을 사용하기 때문에 긴 추론 시간을 갖게 되고 이것이 많은 에너지 소모를 야기하게 되는 단점이 있다. 이 파트에서는 페이즈에 따라 다른 스파이크 가중치를 부여하는 방법으로 추론 시간을 크게 줄이는 방법을 제안한다. MNIST, SVHN, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 데이터셋에서의 실험 결과는 제안된 방법을 이용한 스파이킹 인공신경망이 기존 방법에 비해 큰 폭으로 추론 시간과 스파이크 발생 빈도를 줄여서 보다 에너지 효율적으로 동작함을 보여준다. 두번째 파트에서는 공정 변이가 있는 상황에서 동작하는 고에너지효율 아날로그 인공신경망 설계 방법을 다루고 있다. 인공신경망을 아날로그 회로를 사용하여 구현하면 높은 병렬성과 에너지 효율성을 얻을 수 있는 장점이 있다. 하지만, 아날로그 시스템은 노이즈에 취약한 중대한 결점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 노이즈 중 하나로 공정 변이를 들 수 있는데, 이는 아날로그 회로의 적정 동작 지점을 변화시켜 심각한 성능 저하 또는 오동작을 유발하는 원인이다. 이 파트에서는 ReRAM에 기반한 고에너지 효율 아날로그 이진 인공신경망을 구현하고, 공정 변이 문제를 해결하기 위해 활성도 일치 방법을 사용한 공정 변이 보상 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 인공신경망은 1T1R 구조의 ReRAM 배열과 차동증폭기를 이용한 뉴런을 이용하여 고밀도 집적과 고에너지 효율 동작이 가능하게 구성되었다. 또한, 아날로그 뉴런 회로의 공정 변이 취약성 문제를 해결하기 위해 이상적인 뉴런의 활성도와 동일한 활성도를 갖도록 뉴런의 바이어스를 조절하는 방법을 소개한다. 제안된 방법을 사용하여 32nm 공정에서 구현된 인공신경망은 3-sigma 지점에서 50% 문턱 전압 변이와 15%의 저항값 변이가 있는 상황에서도 MNIST에서 98.55%, CIFAR-10에서 89.63%의 정확도를 달성하였으며, 970 TOPS/W에 달하는 매우 높은 에너지 효율성을 달성하였다.Recently, deep learning has shown astounding performances on specific tasks such as image classification, speech recognition, and reinforcement learning. Some of the state-of-the-art deep neural networks have already gone over humans ability. However, neural networks involve tremendous number of high precision computations and frequent off-chip memory accesses with millions of parameters. It incurs problems of large area and exploding energy consumption, which hinder neural networks from being exploited in embedded systems. To cope with the problem, techniques for designing energy efficient neural networks are proposed. The first part of this dissertation addresses the design of spiking neural networks with weighted spikes which has advantages of shorter inference latency and smaller energy consumption compared to the conventional spiking neural networks. Spiking neural networks are being regarded as one of the promising alternative techniques to overcome the high energy costs of artificial neural networks. It is supported by many researches showing that a deep convolutional neural network can be converted into a spiking neural network with near zero accuracy loss. However, the advantage on energy consumption of spiking neural networks comes at a cost of long classification latency due to the use of Poisson-distributed spike trains (rate coding), especially in deep networks. We propose to use weighted spikes, which can greatly reduce the latency by assigning a different weight to a spike depending on which time phase it belongs. Experimental results on MNIST, SVHN, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100 show that the proposed spiking neural networks with weighted spikes achieve significant reduction in classification latency and number of spikes, which leads to faster and more energy-efficient spiking neural networks than the conventional spiking neural networks with rate coding. We also show that one of the state-of-the-art networks the deep residual network can be converted into spiking neural network without accuracy loss. The second part of this dissertation focuses on the design of highly energy-efficient analog neural networks in the presence of variations. Analog hardware accelerators for deep neural networks have taken center stage in the aspect of high parallelism and energy efficiency. However, a critical weakness of the analog hardware systems is vulnerability to noise. One of the biggest noise sources is a process variation. It is a big obstacle to using analog circuits since the variation shifts various parameters of analog circuits from the correct operating points, which causes severe performance degradation or even malfunction. To achieve high energy efficiency with analog neural networks, we propose resistive random access memory (ReRAM) based analog implementation of binarized neural networks (BNNs) with a novel variation compensation technique through activation matching (VCAM). The proposed architecture consists of 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) structured ReRAM synaptic arrays and differential amplifier based neurons, which leads to high-density integration and energy efficiency. To cope with the vulnerability of analog neurons due to process variation, the biases of all neurons are adjusted in the direction that matches average output activation of ideal neurons without variation. The technique effectively restores the classification accuracy degraded by the variation. Experimental results on 32nm technology show that the proposed architecture achieves the classification accuracy of 98.55% on MNIST and 89.63% on CIFAR-10 in the presence of 50% threshold voltage variation and 15% resistance variation at 3-sigma point. It also achieves 970 TOPS/W energy efficiency with MLP on MNIST.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Deep Neural Networks with Weighted Spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 VCAM: Variation Compensation through Activation Matching for Analog Binarized Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Background 8 2.1 Spiking neural network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Spiking neuron model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Rate coding in SNNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4 Binarized neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.5 Resistive random access memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3 RelatedWork 22 3.1 Training SNNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2 SNNs with various spike coding schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.3 BNN implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4 Deep Neural Networks withWeighted Spikes 33 4.1 SNN with weighted spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.1.1 Weighted spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.1.2 Spiking neuron model for weighted spikes . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1.3 Noise spike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.4 Approximation of the ReLU activation . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1.5 ANN-to-SNN conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 Optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.2.1 Skipping initial input currents in the output layer . . . . . . . 45 4.2.2 The number of phases in a period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2.3 Accuracy-energy trade-off by early decision . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.4 Consideration on hardware implementation . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.1 Comparison between SNN-RC and SNN-WS . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.2 Trade-off by early decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4.3 Comparison with other algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 VCAM: Variation Compensation through Activation Matching for Analog Binarized Neural Networks 71 5.1 Modification of Binarized Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.1.1 Binarized Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.1.2 Use of 0 and 1 Activations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.1.3 Removal of Batch Normalization Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2 Hardware Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2.1 ReRAM Synaptic Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2.2 Neuron Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2.3 Issues with Neuron Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.3 Variation Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.3.1 Variation Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.3.2 Impact of VT Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.3 Variation Compensation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.4.1 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.4.2 Accuracy of the Modified BNN Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.4.3 Variation Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4.4 Performance Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6 Conclusion 102Docto

Fast and Efficient Information Transmission with Burst Spikes in Deep Spiking Neural Networks

The spiking neural networks (SNNs) are considered as one of the most promising artificial neural networks due to their energy efficient computing capability. Recently, conversion of a trained deep neural network to an SNN has improved the accuracy of deep SNNs. However, most of the previous studies have not achieved satisfactory results in terms of inference speed and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a fast and energy-efficient information transmission method with burst spikes and hybrid neural coding scheme in deep SNNs. Our experimental results showed the proposed methods can improve inference energy efficiency and shorten the latency.Comment: Accepted to DAC 201

Guiding CTC Posterior Spike Timings for Improved Posterior Fusion and Knowledge Distillation

Conventional automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems trained from frame-level alignments can easily leverage posterior fusion to improve ASR accuracy and build a better single model with knowledge distillation. End-to-end ASR systems trained using the Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss do not require frame-level alignment and hence simplify model training. However, sparse and arbitrary posterior spike timings from CTC models pose a new set of challenges in posterior fusion from multiple models and knowledge distillation between CTC models. We propose a method to train a CTC model so that its spike timings are guided to align with those of a pre-trained guiding CTC model. As a result, all models that share the same guiding model have aligned spike timings. We show the advantage of our method in various scenarios including posterior fusion of CTC models and knowledge distillation between CTC models with different architectures. With the 300-hour Switchboard training data, the single word CTC model distilled from multiple models improved the word error rates to 13.7%/23.1% from 14.9%/24.1% on the Hub5 2000 Switchboard/CallHome test sets without using any data augmentation, language model, or complex decoder.Comment: Accepted to Interspeech 201

Supervised Learning in Spiking Neural Networks with Phase-Change Memory Synapses

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more computationally efficient than the conventional artificial neural networks, though their full computational capabilities are yet to be explored. Recently, computational memory architectures based on non-volatile memory crossbar arrays have shown great promise to implement parallel computations in artificial and spiking neural networks. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time, the feasibility to realize high-performance event-driven in-situ supervised learning systems using nanoscale and stochastic phase-change synapses. Our SNN is trained to recognize audio signals of alphabets encoded using spikes in the time domain and to generate spike trains at precise time instances to represent the pixel intensities of their corresponding images. Moreover, with a statistical model capturing the experimental behavior of the devices, we investigate architectural and systems-level solutions for improving the training and inference performance of our computational memory-based system. Combining the computational potential of supervised SNNs with the parallel compute power of computational memory, the work paves the way for next-generation of efficient brain-inspired systems

Efficient Computation in Adaptive Artificial Spiking Neural Networks

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are bio-inspired models of neural computation that have proven highly effective. Still, ANNs lack a natural notion of time, and neural units in ANNs exchange analog values in a frame-based manner, a computationally and energetically inefficient form of communication. This contrasts sharply with biological neurons that communicate sparingly and efficiently using binary spikes. While artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) can be constructed by replacing the units of an ANN with spiking neurons, the current performance is far from that of deep ANNs on hard benchmarks and these SNNs use much higher firing rates compared to their biological counterparts, limiting their efficiency. Here we show how spiking neurons that employ an efficient form of neural coding can be used to construct SNNs that match high-performance ANNs and exceed state-of-the-art in SNNs on important benchmarks, while requiring much lower average firing rates. For this, we use spike-time coding based on the firing rate limiting adaptation phenomenon observed in biological spiking neurons. This phenomenon can be captured in adapting spiking neuron models, for which we derive the effective transfer function. Neural units in ANNs trained with this transfer function can be substituted directly with adaptive spiking neurons, and the resulting Adaptive SNNs (AdSNNs) can carry out inference in deep neural networks using up to an order of magnitude fewer spikes compared to previous SNNs. Adaptive spike-time coding additionally allows for the dynamic control of neural coding precision: we show how a simple model of arousal in AdSNNs further halves the average required firing rate and this notion naturally extends to other forms of attention. AdSNNs thus hold promise as a novel and efficient model for neural computation that naturally fits to temporally continuous and asynchronous applications