174 research outputs found
U-Net and its variants for medical image segmentation: theory and applications
U-net is an image segmentation technique developed primarily for medical
image analysis that can precisely segment images using a scarce amount of
training data. These traits provide U-net with a very high utility within the
medical imaging community and have resulted in extensive adoption of U-net as
the primary tool for segmentation tasks in medical imaging. The success of
U-net is evident in its widespread use in all major image modalities from CT
scans and MRI to X-rays and microscopy. Furthermore, while U-net is largely a
segmentation tool, there have been instances of the use of U-net in other
applications. As the potential of U-net is still increasing, in this review we
look at the various developments that have been made in the U-net architecture
and provide observations on recent trends. We examine the various innovations
that have been made in deep learning and discuss how these tools facilitate
U-net. Furthermore, we look at image modalities and application areas where
U-net has been applied.Comment: 42 pages, in IEEE Acces
Deep Learning in Cardiology
The medical field is creating large amount of data that physicians are unable
to decipher and use efficiently. Moreover, rule-based expert systems are
inefficient in solving complicated medical tasks or for creating insights using
big data. Deep learning has emerged as a more accurate and effective technology
in a wide range of medical problems such as diagnosis, prediction and
intervention. Deep learning is a representation learning method that consists
of layers that transform the data non-linearly, thus, revealing hierarchical
relationships and structures. In this review we survey deep learning
application papers that use structured data, signal and imaging modalities from
cardiology. We discuss the advantages and limitations of applying deep learning
in cardiology that also apply in medicine in general, while proposing certain
directions as the most viable for clinical use.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures, 10 table
Pathological Evidence Exploration in Deep Retinal Image Diagnosis
Though deep learning has shown successful performance in classifying the
label and severity stage of certain disease, most of them give few evidence on
how to make prediction. Here, we propose to exploit the interpretability of
deep learning application in medical diagnosis. Inspired by Koch's Postulates,
a well-known strategy in medical research to identify the property of pathogen,
we define a pathological descriptor that can be extracted from the activated
neurons of a diabetic retinopathy detector. To visualize the symptom and
feature encoded in this descriptor, we propose a GAN based method to synthesize
pathological retinal image given the descriptor and a binary vessel
segmentation. Besides, with this descriptor, we can arbitrarily manipulate the
position and quantity of lesions. As verified by a panel of 5 licensed
ophthalmologists, our synthesized images carry the symptoms that are directly
related to diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. The panel survey also shows that our
generated images is both qualitatively and quantitatively superior to existing
methods.Comment: to appear in AAAI (2019). The first two authors contributed equally
to the paper. Corresponding Author: Feng L
U-net and its variants for medical image segmentation: A review of theory and applications
U-net is an image segmentation technique developed primarily for image segmentation tasks. These traits provide U-net with a high utility within the medical imaging community and have resulted in extensive adoption of U-net as the primary tool for segmentation tasks in medical imaging. The success of U-net is evident in its widespread use in nearly all major image modalities, from CT scans and MRI to Xrays and microscopy. Furthermore, while U-net is largely a segmentation tool, there have been instances of the use of U-net in other applications. Given that U-net’s potential is still increasing, this narrative literature review examines the numerous developments and breakthroughs in the U-net architecture and provides observations on recent trends. We also discuss the many innovations that have advanced in deep learning and discuss how these tools facilitate U-net. In addition, we review the different image modalities and application areas that have been enhanced by U-net
Deep Learning-based Approach for the Semantic Segmentation of Bright Retinal Damage
Regular screening for the development of diabetic retinopathy is imperative for an early diagnosis and a timely treatment, thus
preventing further progression of the disease. The conventional screening techniques based on manual observation by qualified physicians can
be very time consuming and prone to error. In this paper, a novel automated screening model based on deep learning for the semantic segmentation of exudates in color fundus images is proposed with the implementation of an end-to-end convolutional neural network built upon UNet architecture. This encoder-decoder network is characterized by the
combination of a contracting path and a symmetrical expansive path to
obtain precise localization with the use of context information. The proposed method was validated on E-OPHTHA and DIARETDB1 public
databases achieving promising results compared to current state-of-theart methods.This paper was supported by the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation programme under the Project GALAHAD [H2020-ICT2016-2017, 732613]. The work of Adri´an Colomer has been supported by the Spanish
Government under a FPI Grant [BES-2014-067889]. We gratefully acknowledge the
support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Titan Xp GPU used for this
research.Silva, C.; Colomer, A.; Naranjo Ornedo, V. (2018). Deep Learning-based Approach for the Semantic Segmentation of Bright Retinal Damage. En Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2018. Springer. 164-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03493-1_18S164173World Health Organization: Diabetes fact sheet. Sci. Total Environ. 20, 1–88 (2011)Verma, L., Prakash, G., Tewari, H.K.: Diabetic retinopathy: time for action. No complacency please! Bull. World Health Organ. 80(5), 419–419 (2002)Sopharak, A.: Machine learning approach to automatic exudate detection in retinal images from diabetic patients. J. Mod. Opt. 57(2), 124–135 (2010)Imani, E., Pourreza, H.R.: A novel method for retinal exudate segmentation using signal separation algorithm. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 133, 195–205 (2016)Haloi, M., Dandapat, S., Sinha, R.: A Gaussian scale space approach for exudates detection, classification and severity prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.00737 (2015)Welfer, D., Scharcanski, J., Marinho, D.R.: A coarse-to-fine strategy for automatically detecting exudates in color eye fundus images. Comput. Med. Imaging Graph. 34(3), 228–235 (2010)Harangi, B., Hajdu, A.: Automatic exudate detection by fusing multiple active contours and regionwise classification. Comput. Biol. Med. 54, 156–171 (2014)Sopharak, A., Uyyanonvara, B., Barman, S.: Automatic exudate detection from non-dilated diabetic retinopathy retinal images using fuzzy C-means clustering. Sensors 9(3), 2148–2161 (2009)Havaei, M., Davy, A., Warde-Farley, D.: Brain tumor segmentation with deep neural networks. Med. Image Anal. 35, 18–31 (2017)Liskowski, P., Krawiec, K.: Segmenting retinal blood vessels with deep neural networks. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 35(11), 2369–2380 (2016)Pratt, H., Coenen, F., Broadbent, D.M., Harding, S.P.: Convolutional neural networks for diabetic retinopathy. Procedia Comput. Sci. 90, 200–205 (2016)Gulshan, V., Peng, L., Coram, M.: Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. JAMA 316(22), 2402–2410 (2016)Prentašić, P., Lončarić, S.: Detection of exudates in fundus photographs using deep neural networks and anatomical landmark detection fusion. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 137, 281–292 (2016)Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W.M., Frangi, A.F. (eds.) MICCAI 2015. LNCS, vol. 9351, pp. 234–241. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28Garcia-Garcia, A., Orts-Escolano, S., Oprea, S., Villena-Martinez, V., Garcia-Rodriguez, J.: A review on deep learning techniques applied to semantic segmentation, pp. 1–23. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.06857 (2017)Deng, Z., Fan, H., Xie, F., Cui, Y., Liu, J.: Segmentation of dermoscopy images based on fully convolutional neural network. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2017), pp. 1732–1736. IEEE (2017)Long, J., Shelhamer, E., Darrell, T.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3431–3440. IEEE (2014)Li, W., Qian, X., Ji, J.: Noise-tolerant deep learning for histopathological image segmentation, vol. 510 (2017)Chen, H., Qi, X., Yu, L.: DCAN: deep contour-aware networks for object instance segmentation from histology images. Med. Image Anal. 36, 135–146 (2017)Walter, T., Klein, J.C., Massin, P., Erginay, A.: A contribution of image processing to the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy-detection of exudates in color fundus images of the human retina. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 21(10), 1236–1243 (2002)Morales, S., Naranjo, V., Angulo, U., Alcaniz, M.: Automatic detection of optic disc based on PCA and mathematical morphology. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 32(4), 786–796 (2013)Zhang, X., Thibault, G., Decencière, E.: Exudate detection in color retinal images for mass screening of diabetic retinopathy. Med. Image Anal. 18(7), 1026–1043 (2014
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