The Importance of Communication Skills to Independent Crop Consultants

Independent crop consulting companies provide services to farmers by scouting (i.e., collecting field observations of plants and pests) and developing management recommendations for individual fields. In production agriculture, independent crop consultants (ICCs) are professionals who are independent of product sales. They are knowledgeable in many disciplines including plant pathology, entomology, weed science, plant science, economics, water management, and soil science. However, ICCs must also have extensive communication skills to communicate to their audience of field scout(s), farmers, industry professionals, and government officials. The goal of this document is to examine how ICCs use their communication skills and how they can refine and strengthen their communication skills. Communication is an important life skill, involving knowledge or information transfer to produce an outcome. Communication concepts and models can be applied to interpersonal communication between ICCs and their audience (Chapter 1). Communication between the field scout and ICC primarily occurs during the field training process for the scout. Educational methods of experiential learning and scaffolding can be applied to this field training process (Chapter 2). Interviews with farmers explored the motivations and values of farmers that aid the ICC in communicating management recommendations to farmers (Chapter 3). These interviews emphasized farmers have individual goals, motivations, values, and communication styles, in which an ICC must adapt to develop a trusting relationship. Independent crop consultants are also instrumental in the agricultural social system by bridging knowledge transfer between farmers, industry professionals, and government officials (Chapter 4). Advisor: Gary L. Hei

Linking Research and Policy: Assessing a Framework for Organic Agricultural Support in Ireland

This paper links social science research and agricultural policy through an analysis of support for organic agriculture and food. Globally, sales of organic food have experienced 20% annual increases for the past two decades, and represent the fastest growing segment of the grocery market. Although consumer interest has increased, farmers are not keeping up with demand. This is partly due to a lack of political support provided to farmers in their transition from conventional to organic production. Support policies vary by country and in some nations, such as the US, vary by state/province. There have been few attempts to document the types of support currently in place. This research draws on an existing Framework tool to investigate regionally specific and relevant policy support available to organic farmers in Ireland. This exploratory study develops a case study of Ireland within the framework of ten key categories of organic agricultural support: leadership, policy, research, technical support, financial support, marketing and promotion, education and information, consumer issues, inter-agency activities, and future developments. Data from the Irish Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), and other governmental and semi-governmental agencies provide the basis for an assessment of support in each category. Assessments are based on the number of activities, availability of information to farmers, and attention from governmental personnel for each of the ten categories. This policy framework is a valuable tool for farmers, researchers, state agencies, and citizen groups seeking to document existing types of organic agricultural support and discover policy areas which deserve more attention

Recognition, measurement and reporting for cap and trade schemes in the agricultural sector

The pressing global demand to transform to a low-carbon business community, which is required by the urgency of mitigating climate change, significantly alters the operating procedures for carbon emitters and carbon revenue generators alike. Although agricultural activities are not considered as heavy carbon emission source, the increased public focus on climate change has catapulted the exploitation of sustainable agricultural land management mitigating strategies as intervention by the sector. Additionally, the focus on market-based mechanism to address climate change, which has led to the evolution of cap-and-trade schemes, makes the agricultural sector become a source of low-cost carbon offsets. However, the fact that cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sector are voluntary has resulted into not only very diverse farming practices but also diverse accounting practices. The consequences of the diversity practices are that, the impacts on financial performance and position are not comparable. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the recognition, measurement and disclosure for cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sectors This study was conducted through literature reviews and empirical test. A qualitative research approach utilising constructivist methodology was employed. Primary data was collected in Kenya by administering three sets of semi-structured questionnaires to drafters of financial statements, loan officers and financial consultants. Secondary data involved content analysis of financial statements and reports of listed entities across the globe. It was established that proper accounting for cap-and-trade schemes adaptation activities is critical to the success of an entity’s environmental portfolio. Additionally, a model for valuing an organisation's carbon capture potential as suggested by this study enables entities to better report the impact of the adaptation activities on the financial performance and financial position. The outcome of this study enables entities to integrate the carbon capture potential on an entity sustainability reporting framework.Colleges of Economic and Management SciencesD. Phil. (Accounting Science

Participatory decision making as an innovative context of urban law: expectations of Russian citizens

The study presents the results of a sociological study conducted in three cities of Russia in order to identify the needs of citizens in the legal consolidation of the opportunities and results of their participation in urban decision-making. The survey was conducted in 2020. The participatory principle logically implies the identification of the opinion of the society itself – not only about the subjects, but also about the rules of collective discussions. The data collection method used in the study was a mass semi-formalised interview. It was identified that the global trend towards the participation in urban decision-making is quite consistent with the expectations of Russian residents who already have experience of such participation. It has been determined what rights citizens need, what responsibilities of the city authorities are considered necessary to establish, what procedures, in the opinion of the citizens, should be consolidated as mandatory in participatory technologies. The identified expectations are largely consistent with the legal objectives noted in the world scientific literature in the context of the development of the participatory principle. However, the practice of governance in Russia, especially in provincial cities, is still lagging behind the demands of a modern active, competent, and demanding society. The novelty of the study is conditioned by the fact that the scientific literature has been lacking coverage of such an aspect of the legal support of participatory decision-making as the expectations of citizens themselves related to the establishment of rights and procedures