MBOs performance of state owned enterprises: the case of China

By reviewing and analyzing the MBO cases of 66 Chinese listed companies in the last ten years, this study draws the MBO map of Chinese enterprises and finds that the main problems in the MBOs of Chinese enterprises are the unreasonable pricing of MBOs and the lack of incentive mechanisms at the management level. In this study, 19 state-owned enterprises that are listed companies were selected as samples and the corresponding industry pairing enterprises were also selected. 2793 sample firm financial data items of 19 firms were obtained by calculating 21 financial performance indicators 7 years before and after acquisition. The financial performance indicators of this study were analyzed through DuPont financial analysis, analysis of cash flow index, analysis of scale index, analysis of investment index and change of financial performance. The financial data was analyzed through regression analysis. The analysis found that the MBOs of Chinese state-owned enterprises were better developed than the industry in terms of profitability, operational ability, debt paying ability, cash flow and asset scale. In terms of cash flow, the growth rate of net cash flow after MBO improved. In terms of asset size, the company’s annual asset growth rate was positive after deducting industry factors before and after MBO. This indicates that the scale of assets of the sample enterprises was increasing when compared with the industry. However, the regression analysis, after controlling the sample selection bias and factors such as the company's asset management, showed that the financial indicators of the company have not significantly improved after the MBO, suggesting that the MBOs of state-owned enterprises in China exhibited a relatively low efficiency.Através da revisão e da análise de casos de aquisição pelos quadros (MBO) de 66 empresas chinesas cotadas na última década, este estudo utiliza o mapa MBO de empresas chinesas, tendo encontrado que os principais problemas destes MBO são os seus preços injustificados e a falta de mecanismos de incentivo ao nível da administração. Neste estudo, 19 empresas públicas e cotadas foram escolhidas para amostra, e emparelhadas com empresas correspondentes do mesmo ramo. 2973 dados financeiros das 19 empresas da amostra foram obtidos através do cálculo de 21 indicadores de desempenho financeiro, a intervalos de 7 anos anteriores e posteriores às respetivas aquisições. Os indicadores de desempenho financeiro deste estudo foram analisados com análise financeira DuPont, análise do índice de fluxo de caixa, análise do índice de escala, análise do índice de investimento e alterações no desempenho financeiro. Os dados financeiros são analisados posteriormente com base numa análise de regressão. Concluiu-se que as MBO de empresas públicas chinesas estão mais desenvolvidas que as suas respetivas indústrias em termos de lucro, capacidade operacional, pagamento de dívidas, fluxos de caixa e escala dos ativos. No que toca ao fluxo de caixa, o índice de crescimento do fluxo de caixa líquido pós-MBO melhorou. Em termos do volume de ativos, o índice de crescimento anual das empresas é positivo após a dedução de fatores da indústria pré- e pós-MBO. Isto indica que a escala dos ativos das empresas-amostra aumenta comparativamente à sua respetiva indústria. No entanto, a análise de regressão indica que, após o controlo da polarização de seleção na amostra, assim como de fatores como a gestão dos ativos da empresa, os indicadores financeiros da empresa não melhoraram de forma significativa após o MBO, sugerindo que os MBO de empresas públicas chinesas tendem a ser pouco eficazes

Zhodnocení finanční situace společnosti Country Garden Holdings Company Limited

The goal of the thesis is to evaluate the financial performance of the Country Garden Holdings Company Limited by analyzing the annual reports for period 2012 – 2016. This thesis will introduce different methods and financial ratios, and then use them to analyze the financial situation and development trend of Country garden in the past five years. At the same time, it will also reflect the current situation of China's real estate industry.The goal of the thesis is to evaluate the financial performance of the Country Garden Holdings Company Limited by analyzing the annual reports for period 2012 – 2016. This thesis will introduce different methods and financial ratios, and then use them to analyze the financial situation and development trend of Country garden in the past five years. At the same time, it will also reflect the current situation of China's real estate industry.154 - Katedra financívelmi dobř

Institutional Environment, Political Connection and Financial Constraints: Evidence from Private Listed Enterprises in China

Political connection is one of the hotly debated global issues in financial economics in recent years. However, very few studies have focused on political connection and financial constraints in enterprises operating in different institutional environments. China is known for its unique institutional environment and unbalanced regional economic growth. China's economy is in transition to market economy. The transition is led by the Chinese government. It is important to examine how political connection plays its role in enterprises to reduce financial constraints especially for their business expansion in China. Hence, this study examines the relationship between institutional1 environment, political connection and financial constraints of private listed enterprises in China. This study uses a sample of 3, 911 private listed enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange Market. The data is obtained from WIND and CSMAR database for the period of 2008-2011. Multiple regression models are used to provide answers to the research questions developed in this study. The results show the existence of political connection and strength of such connection has significant influence on reducing enterprises' financial constraints, Political connection helps private listed enterprises access to bank credits, reduce their financial constraints, expand their business enterprises and promote private economic development in China. The findings also show that institutional environment has a significant positive effect in reducing financial constraints. In addition, institutional environment is found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between political connection and financial constraints. The most important contribution of this study is it expands current knowledge on the effect of institutional environment and political connection on private enterprises' financial constraints. This has policy implications for future government initiatives in strengthening the regulations to restrict political connection in order to achieve transformation of government governance, development of financial market and improving the legal system in China

Financial flexibility, dynamic capabilities, and the performance of manufacturing enterprises

This study explores the mechanism of financial flexibility on enterprise performance from the perspective of dynamic capabilities by testing the relationship among them respectively. This study selects the data of A-share manufacturing companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai from 2011 to 2017 to structure three main variables mentioned above. The test results of the regression analysis indicate that financial flexibility has an interval effect on enterprise performance. Dynamic capabilities play a part in mediating financial flexibility and enterprise performance, which means financial flexibility can influence enterprise performance through dynamic capabilities. This study adds weight to the theory of financial flexibility and dynamic capability and helps enterprises adjust them more effectively in an increasingly complex economic situation

China’s “Great Wall” of Debt Chinese Debts and their Macroeconomic Implications. Bertelsmann Stiftung GED Focus Paper

The figures of the Chinese debts are subject to ongoing discussion among economists. The question whether the enormous rise in Chinese corporate and private debt over the past decade will lead to another global financial crisis or will be managed by the Chinese government is one of vital importance to the global economy: if China’s debt management fails, the macroeconomic effects are expected to overshadow the catastrophic effects of the 2008 financial and economic crises by large. The Economist (7 May 2016) even goes as far as to state the question not if, but when China’s debt bubble will burst. The term “China’s Great Wall of Debt” coined by Dinny McMahon (2018) to emphasize the connection between recent Chinese growth and corresponding debt seems therefore very well put

An analysis of corporate governance under the dual class structure: A case study of JD

E-commerce in China has grown rapidly in the past 20 years. Two technologies play a crucial role; One is mobile payments, and the other is logistics. With the rapid growth of the industry, several excellent e commerce enterprises emerge at the historic moment. JD is one of the best known companies in the e commerce industry. During the growth period, JD has established much infrastructure, developed logistics and used the low cost marketing strategy to attract customers. This has led to a large amount of external financing for JD. To secure control of JD, the founders adopted a dual class share structure when they first went public in 2014. This paper will focus on the corporate governance issues of JD's dual class share structure and put forward reasonable suggestions for improvement. This paper mainly adopts case analysis and financial analysis method This paper collects the public data of JD since its establishment and conducts business analysis, equity structure analysis, risk analysis and financial analysis on JD. Based on principal agent theory, stakeholder theory and information asymmetry theory, this pa per will further explain the reasons for JD to adopt dual share structure and the influence of adopting this structure.O comércio eletrônico na China tem crescido rapidamente nos últimos 20 anos. Tanto as tecnologias de pagamento móvel como as de transporte logístico têm desempenhado um papel crucial. Com o rápido desenvolvimento da indústria de comércio eletrônico chinesa, um grupo de excelentes empresas de comércio eletrônico é criado. A JD é um dos líderes das empresas de comércio electrónico. Na fase de crescimento da empresa, a JD preparou-se para construir muitas construções básicas para desenvolver a logística, anexando clientes com uma estratégia de marketing de baixo preço. Isto levou a um grande montante de financiamento externo para a JD. A fim de garantir o poder de controle da JD, seu fundador Liu Qiangdong e sua equipe adotaram estrutura dual share quando se tornou público em 2014. Este documento foca as questões de governança corporativa da estrutura dual share adotadas pela JD, e apresenta sugestões razoáveis de melhorias. Este trabalho adota principalmente métodos de revisão de literatura e análise de casos, e principalmente coleta dados públicos até a data da JD, conduz análises de negócios, estrutura acionária, risco e finanças na JD. Além disso, este documento interpreta melhor as razões e influências da estrutura dual share adoptada pela JD, de acordo com a teoria do agente principal, teoria das partes interessadas e teoria da assimetria de informação

Research on Customer Relationship, Market Level and Enterprise Innovation Relationship

Enterprise innovation is an important content of enterprise management and a key element to determine the direction, scale and speed of the development of the company. Enterprise innovation has always been the focus of academic attention. Customer relationship is the contractual relationship established between the enterprise and the customer when purchasing and selling transactions. The research found that customer relationship can affect the innovation investment of enterprises to some extent. Based on a sample of listed companies in China's A stock manufacturing industry from 2008 to 2018, this paper empirically examines the impact of concentration of customer relationship on innovation output and its mechanism. The research found that the higher the concentration of customer relationship, the lower the innovation investment. Further research found that the level of marketization can alleviate this inhibition, with the promotion of market-oriented level, the excessive concentration of customer relations on enterprise innovation inhibition can be weakened. This research explores the factors that affect enterprise innovation from different angles, enriches the research on enterprise innovation, and provides a reference for enterprises to improve their innovation level

The efficiency of working capital management in the logistics industry using the O2O model: the case of SF Group

This dissertation first summarizes and analyzes the operational environment of the logistics industry. Combined with the characteristics of the industry, the management of working capital and its present situation will be analyzed. Shunfeng Group Co., Ltd. (SF Group) is selected as the research object. Based on financial data from 2013 to 2016, the working capital management efficiency of the company is studied and analyzed in terms of the proportion of the working capital factor and the turnover efficiency of working capital. Then it analyzes the development of the working capital management level of this company in the Online-to-Offline (O2O) model, and based on that, it analyzes the main factors that affect the efficiency of the working capital management of SF Group using the O2O model, and finally puts forward some corresponding suggestions based on the case performance. In the end, based on the case analysis, different suggestions are proposed on how to optimize the working capital management efficiency of the logistics industry using the O2O model: reasonable offline store investment; optimize warehouse construction; accelerate the construction of intelligent logistics and optimize the business structure; optimize the cold-chain logistics system; improve the service system level; formulate reasonable credit policies; select reasonable financing methods; obtain government support.Esta dissertação primeiro resume e analisa o ambiente operacional do setor de logística. Em conjunto com as características da indústria, a gestão fundo de maneio e sua situação atual serão analisadas. A SF Group é selecionada como o objeto de pesquisa. Com base em dados financeiros de 2013 a 2016, a eficiência da gestão do fundo de maneio da empresa é estudada e analisada em termos da proporção do fator fundo de maneio e da eficiência da rotação do fundo de maneio. Em seguida, analisa o desenvolvimento do nível de gestão de fundo de maneio desta empresa no modelo O2O e, a partir disso, analisa os principais fatores que afetam a eficiência da gestão do fundo de maneio da SF Group no modelo O2O. Finalmente apresenta algumas sugestões com base nas conclusões do caso. No final, com base na análise de casos, diferentes sugestões são propostas sobre como otimizar a eficiência da gestão do capital de giro do setor de logística sob o modelo O2O: investimento razoável em lojas offline; otimizar a construção do armazém; acelerar a construção de logística inteligente e otimizar a estrutura de negócios; otimizar o sistema de logística da cadeia de frio; melhorar o nível do sistema de serviço; formular políticas de crédito razoáveis; selecionar métodos de financiamento razoáveis; obter apoio do governo

Administrative Governance as Corporate Governance: A Partial Explanation for the Growth of China\u27s Stock Markets

This Note argues that during the first decade of stock market development (roughly 1990-2000) Chinese institutions, which emphasized administrative direction and control, functioned in lieu of legal and financial institutions. Preexisting modes of administrative governance introduced incentives that mitigated information asymmetry problems inherent in initial public offerings (IPOs) and contributed to enhanced market valuation during the post-IPO phase. The author focuses on two sui generis Chinese institutions employed during this time period: the quota system for equity share issuance and the Special Treatment (ST) system for underperforming issuers. In short, the thesis is that administrative governance substituted for corporate governance

Three Essays on the Risk Management of Logistics Finance

중국은 이미 세계에서 주요 생산국과 소비국 중의 하나가 되었다. 2016년 등록한 기업이 하루 평균 15,000개 정도로서 중국 경제의 빠른 발전에 기여했다. 또 한편으로는 중소기업의 금융문제는 갈수록 어려워지고 있다. 이와 같은 문제는 중소기업에 도덕적 리스크, 정보비대칭, 영업익스포져 등 의 요소가 존재하기 때문에 은행의 중소기업에 대한 신용평가가 높지 않기 때문이다. 게다가 대출 절차가 갈수록 복잡해지고 은행이 수익을 얻기가 어려워져 중소기업도 대출을 받기가 힘들고 투자 환경이 어려워지고 있다. 이런 상황에서 물류금융이 새로운 금융방식으로서 나타났다. 물류금융은 물류산업의 세 당사자 - 중소기업, 은행 및 물류기업 - 에게 효과적인 금융플랫폼을 제공할 수 있다. 물류금융은 중소기업의 금융문제를 해결할 뿐만 아니라 은행과 물류기업에게 새로운 이윤창출 방식을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 이에 따라 세 당사자에게 모두 이익을 가져다 줄 가능성을 가져왔다. 그러나 한편으로는 새로운 리스크도 함께 왔다. 물류금융에서 발생하는 리스크문제를 해결하기 위한 방안을 찾기 위해 이 논문은 세가지 관점에서 연구를 진행해 세 개의 에세이로 분석했다. 첫 번째, 게임이론을 바탕으로 물류금융의 신용리스크 관리를 연구한다. (EssayⅠ) 첫 번째 에세이에서는 먼저 은행 및 물류기업이 직면한 신용리스크를 분석한다. 다음으로 게임이론을 이용하여 은행과 중소기업 간의 관계를 분석하고, 물류기업을 도입해서 세 당사자 간의 게임적인 방식을 분석한다. 이를 통해 은행이 감독하는 확률, 중소기업의 신뢰도의 확률 및 물류기업이 계약을 이행하는 확률을 찾아 신용리스크의 이론적인 근거를 제시한다. 중소기업과 물류기업의 신용불안요소 및 위약요소를 찾는 과정에서 아래와 같은 정책을 제언했다. 1. 은행과 물류기업이 중소기업 신용관리 플랫폼을 설리하고 모든 정보를 공유한다. 2. 은행과 물류기업의 협력관계를 강화해야 한다. 3. 은행이 고객의 재무자료 데이터뱅크 시스템을 완성시키고 감독비용을 최소화 시킨다. 4. 물류기업과 중소기업의 감독관리를 강화하고 중소기업 신용불량 상황의 발생을 최소화시킨다. 두 번째, 통합신용보장방식에 있어 은행의 물류기업 리스크 평가 모델을 설정한다. (Essay II) 두 번째 에세이에서는 먼저 통합신용보장방식에서 은행이 직면하는 리스크를 변별하고 다음으로 기업의 재무지표를 활용하여 요인분석모델을 설정한다. 물류기업 금융리스크의 주요 지표를 분석하고 물류기업의 금융리스크를 계량화 분석한다. 통합신용보장방식에서 은행의 기업 선택표준을 제공한다. 물류기업의 금융리스크는 주로 경영현황, 부채상환 능력, 수익성, 성장성 등에서 비롯된다. 이 논문은 통합신용보장방식에서 은행에게 기업의 선택표준을 제공하며 이를 통해 은행의 물류기업에 대한 심사효율성과 신뢰성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 이 논문은 은행이 물류기업의 담보계좌(担保账户)를 설립하고 물류기업의 재무 분석 플랫폼을 구축해야 한다고 제안한다. 그리고 상장한 물류기업의 연도 보고서를 충실히 작성하고, 은행의 기업관리기관, 세무기관 간의 소통체계를 강화해야 하고 물류기업의 재무리스크 관리를 강화해야 한다. 그리고 물류기업의 거래대금에 대한 관리를 강화해야 한다. 세 번째, 통합신용보장방식에서 물류기업의 중소기업 선택방법을 연구한다. (Essay III) 세 번째 에세이에서는 먼저 물류기업이 직면한 리스크를 변별하고, AHP과 LP기법을 활용하여, 창고의 한정량과 대출한도를 제약조건으로 하는 물류기업의 중소기업에 대한 적정 대출 규모 모델을 설정한다. 그 결과 물류기업의 이윤 극대화를 보장하기 위하여 아래와 같이 몇 가지 제안을 한다. 1. 물류기업 창고의 한정량에 대한 경보시스템을 구축하고 담보물의 저장 공간을 확보해야 한다. 2. 담보물에 대한 평가체계를 완성하고 물류기업 담보물가치의 적절성을 확보해야 한다. 3. 중소기업에 대한 신용평가 플랫폼을 구축하고 물류기업 대출의 안전성을 확보해야 한다. 위 내용을 전체적으로 보면 이 논문은 물류금융의 리스크 관리상에 세 가지 문제를 연구했다. 그리고 물류금융리스크의 관리에 대해 전략적인 제안을 제시했다. 이와 같이 보완된 물류금융은 중국경제를 지속적으로 발전시킬 수 있다고 예측한다.Korean Abstract viii INTRODUCTION: General Remarks & Literature Review 1 1.1 Background and Objective 1 1.2 Scope and Methodology of the Study 5 1.3 Structure and Contents 6 1.4 Literature Review 8 1.4.1 The Theoretical Study of Logistics Finance 8 1.4.2 Study of Logistics Finance Risk Management 13 ESSAY I: The Credit Risk Management of Three Parties in Logistics Finance-Using Game Theory 17 1. Introduction 17 1.1 Background and Objective 17 1.2 Scope and Methodology of the Study 18 1.2.1 Scope of the Study 18 1.2.2 Methodology of the Study 18 1.3 Structure and Contents 21 1.4 Literature Review 22 2. Identification of Logistics Financial Credit Risk 25 2.1 Relationship among the Three Principal Delegates 25 2.2 Identification of Credit Risk 26 2.2.1 The Credit Risk of Bank 26 2.2.2 The Credit Risk of Logistics Company 27 2.2.3 The Cause of the Credit Risk 27 3. Game Analysis 30 3.1 Game Analysis between Banks and SMEs 30 3.1.1 Hypothesis 31 3.1.2 Model Building 32 3.1.3 Model Solving 33 3.2 Tripartite Game Model 35 3.2.1 Model Hypothesis 35 3.2.2 Model Building 38 3.2.3 Model Solving 39 4. Policy Implication 45 5. Summary of Essay I 45 ESSAY II: The Risk Management of Bank Selecting Logistics Company Under Unified Credit Guarantee Mode 47 1. Introduction 47 1.1 Background and Objective 47 1.2 Scope and Methodology of the Study 48 1.2.1 Scope of the Study 48 1.2.2 Methodology of the Study 49 1.3 Structure and Contents 51 1.4 Literature Review 52 2. The Risk of Banks under Unified Guarantee Credit Mode 55 2.1. Operational Process of Unified Guarantee Credit Mode 55 2.2. The Risk of Bank under Unified Guarantee Credit Mode 56 3. Index Establishment 57 3.1 Bank Assessment Contents 57 3.2 Establishment of Financial Index System 59 3.3 Explanation of Data Indicators 61 4. Factor Analysis 70 4.1 Data Collect 70 4.2 Model Building 70 4.3 Model Solving 72 4.4 Model Comprehensive Evaluation 75 5. Policy Implication 76 6. Summary of Essay II 77 ESSAY III: The Risk Management of Logistics Company Selecting SME Under Unified Credit Guarantee Mode 79 1. Introduction 79 1.1 Background and Objective 79 1.2 Scope and Methodology of the Study 79 1.2.1 Scope of the Study 79 1.2.2 Methodology of the Study 80 1.3 Structure and Contents 84 1.4 Literature Review 85 2. Risk Identification of Logistics Company 88 2.1 Credit Risk from SME 89 2.2 Risks from Mortgage 89 2.3 Risks of Internal 90 2.4 Risks from External 90 3. Model Building and Solving 90 3.1 AHP Analysis 90 3.1.1 Analytic Hierarchy Chart of SME's Risk Assessment 90 3.1.2 Hypothesis 92 3.2 LP Analysis 96 3.2.1 The Establishment of Objective Function 96 3.2.2 Restrictions 97 3.2.3 Model Calculating 98 4. Policy Implication 99 5. Summary of Essay III 100 Summary and Conclusion 102 1.1 Summary of Research 102 1.2 Conclusion of Research 105 1.3 Research Prospects in the Future 108 Reference 110 Acknowledgment 118Docto