1,869 research outputs found

    The electric vehicle: A new driving experience involving specific skills and rules

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    International audienceThe arrival of the electric vehicle (EV) on the market is one consequence of government measures to improve air quality and reduce CO2 emissions. However, the EV has specific properties of use associated with its limited range and relative silence compared to normal vehicles, influencing the mobility behaviours of drivers and requiring them to develop some new driving abilities. This paper examines the behavioural modifications brought about by daily use of an electric vehicle at three different levels of driving activity: strategic, tactical and operational. The study collected and analyzed the self-reported behaviours (via questionnaires and travels dairies) of 36 Parisian private drivers, each of whom drove for six months an electric MINI E prototype. The results of the study show that driving an EV requires a learning phase to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to operate the vehicle. At the strategic level of driving, drivers take into account the restricted range of the EV, implement a daily charge process, and develop new behaviours related to trip planning. The study also examines driver behaviour at the tactical level, in terms of driver interactions with other road users to deal with the silent nature of the EV, and at the operational level of driving, in terms of braking behaviour to master the regenerative braking function of the EV. The paper discusses the interactions between these three levels of driving activity

    Discrimination of PD Signal using Wavelet Transform for Insulation Diagnosis of GIS under HVDC

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    ์ค‘์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฐํ•จ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ •์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ „์••์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” HVDC์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. HVDC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, HVDC์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” HVDC ๊ฐ€์Šค์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HVDC๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋“œ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ๊ณ ์•• ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋ฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ •๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์Šค์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ฒด๋Œ์ถœ, ์™ธํ•จ๋Œ์ถœ, ์ž์œ ์ž…์ž ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋ฌผ ํฌ๋ž™ 4์ข…์˜ ์ „๊ทน๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ทน๊ณ„๋Š” SF6 ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ 0.5MPa๋กœ ์ถฉ์ง„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจํํ•จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์ข…์˜ ๋ชจ์˜๊ฒฐํ•จ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋‹จ์ผํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ HVDC์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋™์ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์›Œํ•‘ ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŽ„์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋™์ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์›Œํ•‘ ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋ชจ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ bior2.6์ด HVDC์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ๊ฐ’์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์‡  ์ง€์ˆ˜ ํŽ„์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์‡  ์ง„๋™ ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ํ˜ธ-์žก์Œ๋น„, ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธํ„ฑํ•จ์ˆ˜-์ž๋™ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ๊ฐ’์ด ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ ๋‹จ์ผ ํŽ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํŽ„์Šค ์‹œํ€€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์—ญ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์‹๋ณ„ ์‹œ ๊ณ ์—ญํ†ต๊ณผํ•„ํ„ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žก์Œ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ, ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์žก์Œ, ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ „ํŒŒ ์žฅํ•ด, ๋น„์ •ํ˜„ ์žก์Œ ๋ฐ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ž„ํŽ„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ HVDC์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์Šค์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฒ€์ถœ, ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฐํ•จ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์œ„์น˜ ์ธก์ •์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Contents โ…ฐ Lists of Figures and Tables โ…ฒ Abstract โ…ต Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Dissertation Outline 5 Chapter 2 Partial Discharge Review 7 2.1 Mechanism and Recurrence 7 2.2 Detection and Measurement 12 2.3 Analysis Methods 23 Chapter 3 Experiment and Optimization 45 3.1 Experimental Setup 45 3.2 Optimization of Wavelet Transform 49 Chapter 4 Discrimination of PD Sequences 66 4.1 DEP-type Pulse Sequence 70 4.2 DOP-type Pulse Sequence 79 Chapter 5 Conclusions 89Docto

    Knowledge in pollution-saving technological change

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    This thesis looks at the role that technical knowledge plays in the transition in industry away from pollution-intensive production methods. It uses econometric techniques and qualitative analysis to test three aspects of the relationship between knowledge and pollution-saving technological change-related outcomes, all in the context of US industry, and all with respect to conventional pollutants. The first paper observes that the level of industrial environmental R&D spending steadily declined from the late 1970s onward. Employing an estimation model with industry fixed effects, the hypothesis is tested that this decline was the result of the conditioning effect of greater flexibility in the design of the environmental policy on the environmental regulatory burden born by industry. The second paper investigates the sources of the change in SO2 intensity of electricity production undergone by electric power plants under the SO2 cap and trade program. Mixed methods including quantile regression are used to compare the effect of frontier technical knowledge on the extent of change undergone, relative to the effect of knowledge un-intensive techniques. The third paper investigates why a small number of inventions aimed at controlling pollution from automobiles turned out to be so much more technologically influential than the great majority of comparable inventions, which exerted very little technological influence at all. Negative binomial regression is used to test the effect of the composition of the stock of knowledge that the automobile companies brought to bear on the inventive process. These studies find that pollution-saving technological change is characterised more by the repurposing and adaptation of existing knowledge and by the churn among existing technologies, than by universal technological advance in dedicated environmental technologies. The implications for climate mitigation policy are discussed in the conclusions

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