Physical Design and Clock Tree Synthesis Methods For A 8-Bit Processor

Now days a number of processors are available with a lot kind of feature from different industries. A processor with similar kind of architecture of the current processors only missing the memory stuffs like the RAM and ROM has been designed here with the help of Verilog style of coding. This processor contains architecturally the program counter, instruction register, ALU, ALU latch, General Purpose Registers, control state module, flag registers and the core module containing all the modules. And a test module is designed for testing the processor. After the design of the processor with successful functionality, the processor is synthesized with 180nm technology. The synthesis is performed with the data path optimization like the selection of proper adders and multipliers for timing optimization in the data path while the ALU operations are performed. During synthesis how to take care of the worst negative slack (WNS), how to include the clock gating cells, how to define the cost and path groups etc. have been covered. After the proper synthesis we get the proper net list and the synthesized constraint file for carrying out the physical design. In physical design the steps like floor-planning, partitioning, placement, legalization of the placement, clock tree synthesis, and routing etc. have been performed. At all the stages the static timing analysis is performed for the timing meet of the design for better performance in terms of timing or frequency. Each steps of physical design are discussed with special effort towards the concepts behind the step. Out of all the steps of physical design the clock tree synthesis is performed with some improvement in the performance of the clock tree by creating a symmetrical clock tree and maintaining more common clock paths. A special algorithm has been framed for creating a symmetrical clock tree and thereby making the power consumption of the clock tree low

Towards a Theory and Policy of Eco-Innovation - Neoclassical and (Co-)Evolutionary Perspectives

Innovation processes toward sustainable development (eco-innovations) have received increasing attention during the past years. Since existing theoretical and methodological frameworks do not address these problems adequately, research need can be identified to improve our understanding of innovation processes toward sustainability in their different dimensions, complex feedback mechanisms and interrelations. This paper discusses the potential contribution of neoclassical and (co-)evolutionary approaches from environmental and innovation economics to fill this gap. It is argued that both approaches have their merits and limits concerning a theory and policy of ecoinnovation. Neoclassical methods are most elaborated to analyze the efficiency of incentive systems which seems to be essential for stimulating innovation. Evolutionary approaches are more appropriate for analyzing long-term technological regime shifts. On this theoretical basis, a crucial question is if innovations toward sustainability can be treated like normal innovations or if a specific theory and policy are needed. Three specialties of eco-innovation are identified: the double externality problem, the regulatory push/pull effect and the increasing importance of social and institutional innovation. While the first two of them are widely ignored in innovation economics, the third is at least not elaborated appropriately. The consideration of these specialties may help to overcome market failure by establishing a specific eco-innovation policy and to avoid a "technology bias" by a broader understanding of innovation. Eco-innovation policy requires close coordination with environmental policy in all innovation phases. Environmental and eco-innovation policy can be regarded as complementarily. However, an environmental policy neglecting the potentially beneficial effects of a specific eco-innovation policy (especially in the invention phase) may lead to excessive economic costs. Due to the specialties of eco-innovation, it seems moreover to be crucial to strengthen the importance of social and institutional innovation in both eco-innovation theory and policy. --eco-innovation,innovation theory,co-evolution,double externality,regulatory push/pull effect,social innovation,institutional innovation

An aesthetic for sustainable interactions in Product-Service Systems?

Copyright @ 2014 Greenleaf Publishing.Eco-efficient Product-Service Systems (PSS, in which the economic interest of the stakeholders involved in the offer continuously foster the optimisation of environmental resource consumption) represent a promising approach to sustainability. However, despite their potential win–win characteristics, the application of this concept is still limited. One key reason is that eco-efficient PSSs are often radical innovations and their adoption usually challenges existing customers’ habits (cultural barriers), companies’ organisations (corporate barriers), and regulative framework (regulative barriers). Starting from these considerations this chapter first investigates the barriers that affect the attractiveness and acceptance of eco-efficient PSS alternatives. A debate is then opened on the aesthetics of eco-efficient PSSs and the way in which aesthetics could enhance specific inner qualities of eco-efficient PSSs, i.e. facilitating and enhancing their wider diffusion. Through the analysis of several case studies, and integrating insights from semiotics, the chapter then outlines several research hypotheses on how the aesthetic elements of an eco-efficient PSS could facilitate user attraction, acceptance and satisfaction

Design methodology and productivity improvement in high speed VLSI circuits

2017 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

Greening through schooling:Understanding the link between education and pro-environmental behavior in the Philippines

In recent years, changing lifestyle, consumption and mobility patterns have contributed to a global rise in greenhouse gases responsible for the warming of the planet. Despite its increasing relevance, there is a lack of understanding of factors influencing the environmental behavior of people from emerging economies. In this study, we focus on the role of formal education for pro-environmental behavior in the Philippines and study three potentially underlying mechanisms explaining the education effects: differential knowledge about climate change, risk perceptions, and awareness. Whilst there is some evidence showing that education is associated with pro-environmental behavior, little is known about the actual mechanisms through which it influences decision-making. Using propensity score methods, we find that an additional year of schooling significantly increases the probability of pro-environmental actions, e.g. planting trees, recycling, and proper waste management, by 3.3%. Further decomposing the education effects, it is found that education influences behavior mainly by increasing awareness about the anthropogenic causes of climate change, which may consequently affect the perception of self-efficacy in reducing human impacts on the environment. Knowledge and perceptions about climate risks also explain the education effect on pro-environmental behavior, but to a lesser extent