22,673 research outputs found

    Global Competitiveness in Pharmaceuticals: A European Perspective

    Get PDF
    The report examines the competitive position of the European pharmaceutical companies and industries, and compares them with the pharmaceutical companies and industries in other parts of the world, particularly the US. Over the last two decades, the industry has experienced some important structural changes, mainly driven by technological and institutional shocks that have affected all the stages of its value chain. In turn, this has led to changes in firms' organisation and in market structure, within domestic markets, regionally, and globally. The main finding of the report is that the European industry has indeed been losing competitiveness as compared to the USA, although there are large differences and trends across European countries. As a whole, Europe is lagging behind in its ability to generate, organise, and sustain innovation processes that are increasingly expensive and organisationally complex. In fact, one conclusion of the report is that the relative position of the US as a locus of innovation in pharmaceuticals has increased over the past decade compared to Europe. All in all, the report claims that the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical industry is negatively affected by the persistence of insufficient degrees of competition and institutional integration, still centred on domestic and fragmented health care and research systems. Four sets of variables have been found to be relevant as sources of competitiveness and growth in pharmaceuticals: 1) The size and the structure of the biomedical education and research systems; 2) Some basic institutions governing labor markets for skilled researchers and managers, as well as corporate governance and finance; 3) Intellectual property rights and patent law; 4) The institutional settings in the regulation of health care systems and, moreover, the nature and intensity of competition on the final market. The data analysed in this report come from OECD, Eurostat, the European Patent Office, IMS Health and PHID (PHarmaceutical Industry Database) at the University of Siena

    Complexity in the Context of Information Systems Project Management

    Get PDF
    Complexity is an inherent attribute of any project. The purpose of defining and documenting complexity is to enable a project team to foresee resulting challenges in a timely manner, and take steps to alleviate them.The main contribution of this article is to present a systematic view of complexity in project management by identifying its key attributes and classifying complexity by these attributes. A “complexity taxonomy” is developed and discussed within three levels: the product, the project and the external environment.Complexity types are described through simple real-life examples. Then a framework (tool) is developed for applying the notion of complexity as an early warning tool.The article is intended for researchers in complexity, project management, information systems, technology solutions and business management, and also for information specialists, project managers, program managers, financial staff and technology directors

    A Comparison of U. S. and European University-Industry Relations in the Life Sciences

    Get PDF
    We draw on diverse data sets to compare the institutional organization of upstream life science research across the United States and Europe. Understanding cross-national differences in the organization of innovative labor in the life sciences requires attention to the structure and evolution of biomedical networks involving public research organizations (universities, government laboratories, nonprofit research institutes, and research hospitals), science-based biotechnology firms, and multinational pharmaceutical corporations. We use network visualization methods and correspondence analyses to demonstrate that innovative research in biomedicine has its origins in regional clusters in the United States and in European nations. But the scientific and organizational composition of these regions varies in consequential ways. In the United States, public research organizations and small firms conduct R&D across multiple therapeutic areas and stages of the development process. Ties within and across these regions link small firms and diverse public institutions, contributing to the development of a robust national network. In contrast, the European story is one of regional specialization with a less diverse group of public research organizations working in a smaller number of therapeutic areas. European institutes develop local connections to small firms working on similar scientific problems, while cross-national linkages of European regional clusters typically involve large pharmaceutical corporations. We show that the roles of large and small firms differ in the United States and Europe, arguing that the greater heterogeneity of the U. S. system is based on much closer integration of basic science and clinical development

    The Tacit Knowledge Problem in Multinational Corporations: Japanese and US Offshore Knowledge Incubators

    Get PDF
    This paper examines the ‘cognitive’ and ‘societal’ aspects of the tacit knowledge transfer problem in MNCs. Based on a comparative analysis of the overseas R&D labs of US and Japanese MNCs in the UK, it examines how home-based models of learning influence MNCs’ transnational social spaces for learning and their capabilities to address the tacit knowing problem. It illustrates how the US professional ‘networks of practice’ (NoP) and the Japanese organizational ‘communities of practice’ (CoP) approaches to transnational learning unfold in practice. It also examines how divergence between home and host country institutions governing knowledge production inhibits cross-societal tacit knowing.comparative thinking; tacit knowledge; knowledge transfer in MNCs; innovation and R&D; organizational learning; communities of practice

    Global Competitiveness in Pharmaceuticals: A European Perspective

    Get PDF
    The report examines the competitive position of the European pharmaceutical companies and industries, and compares them with the pharmaceutical companies and industries in other parts of the world, particularly the US. Over the last two decades, the industry has experienced some important structural changes, mainly driven by technological and institutional shocks that have affected all the stages of its value chain. In turn, this has led to changes in firms' organisation and in market structure, within domestic markets, regionally, and globally. The main finding of the report is that the European industry has indeed been losing competitiveness as compared to the USA, although there are large differences and trends across European countries. As a whole, Europe is lagging behind in its ability to generate, organise, and sustain innovation processes that are increasingly expensive and organisationally complex. In fact, one conclusion of the report is that the relative position of the US as a locus of innovation in pharmaceuticals has increased over the past decade compared to Europe. All in all, the report claims that the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical industry is negatively affected by the persistence of insufficient degrees of competition and institutional integration, still centred on domestic and fragmented health care and research systems. Four sets of variables have been found to be relevant as sources of competitiveness and growth in pharmaceuticals: 1) The size and the structure of the biomedical education and research systems; 2) Some basic institutions governing labor markets for skilled researchers and managers, as well as corporate governance and finance; 3) Intellectual property rights and patent law; 4) The institutional settings in the regulation of health care systems and, moreover, the nature and intensity of competition on the final market. The data analysed in this report come from OECD, Eurostat, the European Patent Office, IMS Health and PHID (PHarmaceutical Industry Database) at the University of Siena.Pharmaceutical Industry, R&D, Innovation, Competitiveness

    Surgimiento de actividades de exportaciĂłn exitosas en Uruguay: cuatro casos especĂ­ficos

    Get PDF
    En este trabajo se presenta el anĂĄlisis de cuatro casos especĂ­ficos de surgimiento de cuatro actividades de exportaciĂłn exitosas de Uruguay: software de computaciĂłn, productos madereros, caviar y carne de esturiĂłn, y vacunas para animales. En cada uno de esos casos especĂ­ficos se trata cĂłmo empresas, asociaciones y varios gobiernos a varios niveles han manejado crisis de mercado y facilitado el suministro de los bienes pĂșblicos necesarios para cada actividad. El anĂĄlisis de estos casos especĂ­ficos presenta ademĂĄs una descripciĂłn de las caracterĂ­sticas de los actores principales en cada ramo de actividad asĂ­ como las externalidades positivas que brindan a los emuladores, especialmente la difusiĂłn de conocimientos sobre exportaciĂłn. TambiĂ©n se presenta en cada ĂĄrea un caso opuesto de actividad menos exitosa (electrĂłnica, vino, carne de rana y biotecnologĂ­a, respectivamente) asĂ­ como una secciĂłn sobre implicaciones de polĂ­ticas.Agriculture, Exports, Manufacturing, Services, Uruguay

    The Emergence of new Successful Export Activities in Uruguay

    Get PDF
    El proyecto “El surgimiento de nuevas actividades exportadoras exitosas en AmĂ©rica Latina” busca identificar los elementos claves en el proceso de descubrimiento de nuevas oportunidades de exportaciĂłn en diferentes paĂ­ses de la regiĂłn, con el objetivo de proponer polĂ­ticas y reformas que permitan aumentar el ritmo de descubrimientos, en particular teniendo en cuenta la importancia relativa de diversas fallas de mercado. El enfoque general del estudio puede resumirse en que “los mercados se desempeñan bien al brindar señales de la rentabilidad de actividades que ya existen, pero su desempeño es pobre cuando se trata de actividades que podrĂ­an existir pero no existen. Aun si estas actividades no son nuevas en el sentido de que estĂĄn presentes en economĂ­as mĂĄs ricas, los productores se ven enfrentados a una considerable incertidumbre respecto a los costos y la productividad bajo las condiciones del mercado local. Introducirse en estos nuevos sectores tĂ­picamente requiere un inversor pionero, que indica a otros la rentabilidad de dichas actividades. Llamamos a este proceso de descubrir la estructura de costos interna de la economĂ­a auto-descubrimiento” (Hausmann y Rodrik, 2003). “En el proceso de auto-descubrimiento abundan las externalidades de informaciĂłn, debido a que la informaciĂłn de costos descubierta por un empresario no puede conservarse en forma privada. Si la empresa pionera resulta rentable, esto es fĂĄcilmente observable por otros. Los imitadores entran entonces en la actividad, la renta del productor establecido se disipa y se establece un nuevo sector. Si, por el contrario, el pionero quiebra, las pĂ©rdidas son soportadas en su totalidad por el empresario. En consecuencia, la actividad empresarial de esta naturaleza no es una actividad con alta recompensa: las pĂ©rdidas son privadas mientras las ganancias se socializan. Por tanto, los mercados no proporcionan suficiente actividad empresarial en actividades nuevas” (Hausmann, RodrĂ­guez-Clare y Rodrik, 2006). El estudio realizado para Uruguay consistiĂł en analizar cuatro actividades exportadoras nuevas para el paĂ­s, en el contexto del marco teĂłrico propuesto por el BID y siguiendo la metodologĂ­a comĂșn establecida para todos los casos incluidos en el proyecto regional. Asimismo, en el marco de este estudio se construyĂł una base de datos armonizada de las exportaciones uruguayas de bienes a nivel de producto y empresa, que permite analizar la actividad exportadora a nivel de empresa, producto y mercado de destino en las Ășltimas dos dĂ©cadas. La disponibilidad de series de tiempo consistentes permitiĂł superar las limitaciones de informaciĂłn que provocaban en las estadĂ­sticas los cambios introducidos en la clasificaciĂłn de productos en cuatro oportunidades (1985, 1993, 1997, 2002). Este estudio busca una mejor comprensiĂłn de estos problemas en el caso de Uruguay, presentando, en primer tĂ©rmino, una visiĂłn de conjunto del desempeño exportador de Uruguay y su polĂ­tica comercial, y un anĂĄlisis de la actividad exportadora a nivel de firma. En segundo lugar se analizan en profundidad cuatro sectores: software, forestal, caviar y esturiĂłn, y vacunas de origen animal a partir de los cuales se extraen lecciones de polĂ­ticas pĂșblicas.exportaciones, fallas de mercado, fallas de coordinaciĂłn, proceso de auto-descubrimiento, software, sector forestal, vacunas de origen animal, caviar y esturiĂłn
    • 

    corecore