Rising Occupational and Industry Mobility in the United States:1968-1993

We analyze the dynamics of worker mobility in the United States over the 1968-1993 period at various levels of occupational and industry aggregation. We find a substantial overall increase in occupational and industry mobility over the period and document the levels and time trends in mobility for various age-education subgroups of the population. To control for measurement error in occupation and industry coding, we develop a method that utilizes the newly released, by the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Retrospective Occupation-Industry Supplemental Data Files. We emphasize the importance of the findings for understanding a number of issues in macro and labor economics, including changes in wage inequality, productivity, life-cycle earnings profiles, job stability and job security.Occupational Mobility, Industry Mobility, Career Mobility, Sectoral Real-location

The Hierarchy of Roads, the Locality of Traffic, and Governance

This study investigates the usage of road networks both within and outside of home jurisdictions (city (or town) and county of residence) by analyzing GPS data collected in the Minneapolis - Saint Paul metropolitan area, which tracked volunteers’ travel behavior to determine which roads (and thus which class of roads) users chose to accommodate their travel needs. More than half of the travel on county roads and city streets occur outside of one’s home city, but most travel is within one’s home county. The average share of travel distance in the home county is more than 70 percent for both county and city streets. The high share, which does not even account for non-residents destined for the county to work or shop, e.g., implies that the free rider problem on city and county streets at the county level is minimal. Of particular con- cern is travel on city roads in cities other than one’s own. To the extent that this is to go to a destination in that city, that travel is also local. However, because city and county roads are typically funded by those jurisdictions from land-based sources such as property taxes, through trips with neither end in the city through which they are traveling are in a very real sense "free riders", and pose a problem. With growing trip lengths and emerging economies of scale in road management, it may be appropriate to consider moving more roads from township, town, or city level to the county level of government.Transportation financing, GPS, road utilization, hierarchy of roads, transporta- tion governance

Selling Technology: The Changing Shape of Sales in an Information Economy

[Excerpt] This book describes and explains the changing nature of sales through the daily experiences of salespeople, engineers, managers, and purchasing agents who construct markets for emergent technologies through their daily engagement in sales interactions… [It] provides a grounded empirical account of sales work in an area that has been the subject of insufficient study, namely contemporary industrial markets where firms trade with other firms

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM MARKET - THE REAL FORM OF EXISTENCE FOR EXCHANGE RELATIONS

In a limited way of approaching the term "market" is defined as a certain geographic place, a physical point where, at certain hours and certain days, buyers and sellers meet in order to buy and sell goods. For example, tourism has become one of the major international trade categories. Over time, an increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism development, turning modern tourism into a key driver for social-economic progress, through the creation of jobs and enterprises, infrastructure development, and the export income earned.Services, market, services market, international tourism, commercial services, goods and services

An Analysis of the Marketing Practices of North Dakota Motels

This thesis describes and analyzes the marketing practices of North Dakota motels. The data were obtained principally from a survey of selected North Dakota motels. A mail questionnaire was sent to 150 randomly chosen motel and a 43 per cent return was received. The main topics discussed in the thesis are: organization structure, size gross revenue, facilities, advertising methods, location, and room rate policy. The most common form of ownership of North Dakota motels was the single proprietorship. As this form of ownership usually limits the amount of capital available, most motels in North Dakota were relatively small. Ninety four per cent of North Dakota motels had 40 units or less. However there is a discernible trend toward larger motel complexes in the state of North Dakota. The mean advertising expenditures of North Dakota motels were 4.3 per cent of their gross receipts. Road signs and billboards were the medium upon which the most money was spent and were adjudged by respondents as the most effective medium for motels. Fifty per cent of the North Dakota motels were located on the outskirts of towns. During the period from 1956 to 1968,30 per cent of the total motel construction within the state took place on the interstate highway system. Room rates of North Dakota motels were determined after consideration of two factors: competition and operating costs. Rates charged by North Dakota motels appeared to be comparable to motel rates in the rest of the nation

The Minimum Backlog Problem

We study the minimum backlog problem (MBP). This online problem arises, e.g., in the context of sensor networks. We focus on two main variants of MBP. The discrete MBP is a 2-person game played on a graph $G=(V,E)$. The player is initially located at a vertex of the graph. In each time step, the adversary pours a total of one unit of water into cups that are located on the vertices of the graph, arbitrarily distributing the water among the cups. The player then moves from her current vertex to an adjacent vertex and empties the cup at that vertex. The player's objective is to minimize the backlog, i.e., the maximum amount of water in any cup at any time. The geometric MBP is a continuous-time version of the MBP: the cups are points in the two-dimensional plane, the adversary pours water continuously at a constant rate, and the player moves in the plane with unit speed. Again, the player's objective is to minimize the backlog. We show that the competitive ratio of any algorithm for the MBP has a lower bound of $\Omega(D)$, where $D$ is the diameter of the graph (for the discrete MBP) or the diameter of the point set (for the geometric MBP). Therefore we focus on determining a strategy for the player that guarantees a uniform upper bound on the absolute value of the backlog. For the absolute value of the backlog there is a trivial lower bound of $\Omega(D)$, and the deamortization analysis of Dietz and Sleator gives an upper bound of $O(D\log N)$ for $N$ cups. Our main result is a tight upper bound for the geometric MBP: we show that there is a strategy for the player that guarantees a backlog of $O(D)$, independently of the number of cups.Comment: 1+16 pages, 3 figure

A Criteria-Based Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)

The “traveling salesman problem (TSP)” is a classic minimum cost network flow problem in mathematical programming and graph theory that can be formulated in multiple configurations. The fundamental question, however, is: “what is a cost”? The original “traveling salesman problem (TSP)” defines distance as the cost and the objective is to minimize distance traveled. This paper proposes other “cost” criteria to the original problem and also proposes a maximum revenue network flow as a variant to improve managerial decision-making. The proposed decision table methodology can be applied to problems that involve multiple locations or multiple tasks to complete