Applications of Economic and Pricing Models for Resource Management in 5G Wireless Networks: A Survey

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on applications of economic and pricing theory for resource management in the evolving fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. The 5G wireless networks are envisioned to overcome existing limitations of cellular networks in terms of data rate, capacity, latency, energy efficiency, spectrum efficiency, coverage, reliability, and cost per information transfer. To achieve the goals, the 5G systems will adopt emerging technologies such as massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), mmWave communications, and dense Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). However, 5G involves multiple entities and stakeholders that may have different objectives, e.g., high data rate, low latency, utility maximization, and revenue/profit maximization. This poses a number of challenges to resource management designs of 5G. While the traditional solutions may neither efficient nor applicable, economic and pricing models have been recently developed and adopted as useful tools to achieve the objectives. In this paper, we review economic and pricing approaches proposed to address resource management issues in the 5G wireless networks including user association, spectrum allocation, and interference and power management. Furthermore, we present applications of economic and pricing models for wireless caching and mobile data offloading. Finally, we highlight important challenges, open issues and future research directions of applying economic and pricing models to the 5G wireless networks

Cooperation in 5G HetNets: Advanced Spectrum Access and D2D Assisted Communications

The evolution of conventional wireless communication networks to the fifth generation (5G) is driven by an explosive increase in the number of wireless mobile devices and services, as well as their demand for all-time and everywhere connectivity, high data rates, low latency, high energy-efficiency and improved quality of service. To address these challenges, 5G relies on key technologies, such as full duplex (FD), device-to-device (D2D) communications, and network densification. In this article, a heterogeneous networking architecture is envisioned, where cells of different sizes and radio access technologies coexist. Specifically, collaboration for spectrum access is explored for both FD- and cognitive-based approaches, and cooperation among devices is discussed in the context of the state-of-the-art D2D assisted communication paradigm. The presented cooperative framework is expected to advance the understandings of the critical technical issues towards dynamic spectrum management for 5G heterogeneous networks.Comment: to appear in IEEE Wireless Communication

Capacity Enhanced Cooperative D2D Systems over Rayleigh Fading Channels with NOMA

This paper considers the cooperative device-to-device (D2D) systems with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). We assume that the base station (BS) can communicate simultaneously with all users to satisfy the full information transmission. In order to characterize the impact of the weak channel and different decoding schemes, two kinds of decoding strategies are proposed: \emph{single signal decoding scheme} and \emph{MRC decoding scheme}, respectively. For the \emph{single signal decoding scheme}, the users immediately decode the received signals after receptions from the BS. Meanwhile, for the \emph{MRC decoding scheme}, instead of decoding, the users will keep the receptions in reserve until the corresponding phase comes and the users jointly decode the received signals by employing maximum ratio combining (MRC). Considering Rayleigh fading channels, the ergodic sum-rate (SR), outage probability and outage capacity of the proposed D2D-NOMA system are analyzed. Moreover, approximate expressions for the ergodic SR are also provided with a negligible performance loss. Numerical results demonstrate that the ergodic SR and outage probability of the proposed D2D-NOMA scheme overwhelm that of the conventional NOMA schemes. Furthermore, it is also revealed that the system performance including the ergodic SR and outage probability are limited by the poor channel condition for both the \emph{single signal decoding scheme} and conventional NOMA schemes.Comment: 24pages, 8figure

A Survey on 5G: The Next Generation of Mobile Communication

The rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, voluminous data, and higher data rate are pushing to rethink the current generation of the cellular mobile communication. The next or fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are expected to meet high-end requirements. The 5G networks are broadly characterized by three unique features: ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency, and very high-speed data transfer. The 5G networks would provide novel architectures and technologies beyond state-of-the-art architectures and technologies. In this paper, our intent is to find an answer to the question: "what will be done by 5G and how?" We investigate and discuss serious limitations of the fourth generation (4G) cellular networks and corresponding new features of 5G networks. We identify challenges in 5G networks, new technologies for 5G networks, and present a comparative study of the proposed architectures that can be categorized on the basis of energy-efficiency, network hierarchy, and network types. Interestingly, the implementation issues, e.g., interference, QoS, handoff, security-privacy, channel access, and load balancing, hugely effect the realization of 5G networks. Furthermore, our illustrations highlight the feasibility of these models through an evaluation of existing real-experiments and testbeds.Comment: Accepted in Elsevier Physical Communication, 24 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

Fair Stochastic Interference Orchestration with Cellular Throughput Boosted via Outband Sidelinks

Time-domain Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) is recognized as the main driver towards efficient and effective ultra-dense network deployments. Almost Blank Subframe (ABS), as key-example of ICIC, has been recently standardized so as to achieve high spectral efficiency. As we show in this article, adopting ABS implies non-trivial complexity to be effective in multicellular environments with heterogeneous cell coverage and user density. Nonetheless, no fairness determinism is guaranteed by ICIC and ABS in particular. Instead, we analytically show that a compound exploitation of ABS with outband sidelinks used for Device-to-Device (D2D) communications on unlicensed bands not only allows to abate the complexity of operating ABS, but also results in unexpectedly high levels of fairness. Based on the analysis, we formulate a convex optimization problem to stochastically make ABS decisions while providing proportional fairness guarantees. Our results prove that, compared to a legacy system, stochastically orchestration of ABS largely boosts fairness while retaining a notable throughput gain offered by mmWave outband sidelinks used for relay

Fundamental Green Tradeoffs: Progresses, Challenges, and Impacts on 5G Networks

With years of tremendous traffic and energy consumption growth, green radio has been valued not only for theoretical research interests but also for the operational expenditure reduction and the sustainable development of wireless communications. Fundamental green tradeoffs, served as an important framework for analysis, include four basic relationships: spectrum efficiency (SE) versus energy efficiency (EE), deployment efficiency (DE) versus energy efficiency (EE), delay (DL) versus power (PW), and bandwidth (BW) versus power (PW). In this paper, we first provide a comprehensive overview on the extensive on-going research efforts and categorize them based on the fundamental green tradeoffs. We will then focus on research progresses of 4G and 5G communications, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and non-orthogonal aggregation (NOA), multiple input multiple output (MIMO), and heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We will also discuss potential challenges and impacts of fundamental green tradeoffs, to shed some light on the energy efficient research and design for future wireless networks.Comment: revised from IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorial

A Survey of Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Communications for 5G: Opportunities and Challenges

With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network would exploit the enormous amount of spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to greatly increase communication capacity. There are fundamental differences between mmWave communications and existing other communication systems, in terms of high propagation loss, directivity, and sensitivity to blockage. These characteristics of mmWave communications pose several challenges to fully exploit the potential of mmWave communications, including integrated circuits and system design, interference management, spatial reuse, anti-blockage, and dynamics control. To address these challenges, we carry out a survey of existing solutions and standards, and propose design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications. We also discuss the potential applications of mmWave communications in the 5G network, including the small cell access, the cellular access, and the wireless backhaul. Finally, we discuss relevant open research issues including the new physical layer technology, software-defined network architecture, measurements of network state information, efficient control mechanisms, and heterogeneous networking, which should be further investigated to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 7 tables, Journal pape

Energy Efficiency of Opportunistic Device-to-Device Relaying Under Lognormal Shadowing

Energy consumption is a major limitation of low power and mobile devices. Efficient transmission protocols are required to minimize an energy consumption of the mobile devices for ubiquitous connectivity in the next generation wireless networks. Opportunistic schemes select a single relay using the criteria of the best channel and achieve a near-optimal diversity performance in a cooperative wireless system. In this paper, we study the energy efficiency of the opportunistic schemes for device-to-device communication. In the opportunistic approach, an energy consumed by devices is minimized by selecting a single neighboring device as a relay using the criteria of minimum consumed energy in each transmission in the uplink of a wireless network. We derive analytical bounds and scaling laws on the expected energy consumption when the devices experience log-normal shadowing with respect to a base station considering both the transmission as well as circuit energy consumptions. We show that the protocol improves the energy efficiency of the network comparing to the direct transmission even if only a few devices are considered for relaying. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the protocol by means of simulations in realistic scenarios of the wireless network.Comment: 30 pages, 8 figure

All Technologies Work Together for Good: A Glance to Future Mobile Networks

The astounding capacity requirements of 5G have motivated researchers to investigate the feasibility of many potential technologies, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output, millimeter wave, full-duplex, non-orthogonal multiple access, carrier aggregation, cognitive radio, and network ultra-densification. The benefits and challenges of these technologies have been thoroughly studied either individually or in a combination of two or three. It is not clear, however, whether all potential technologies operating together lead to fulfilling the requirements posed by 5G. This paper explores the potential benefits and challenges when all technologies coexist in an ultra-dense cellular environment. The sum rate of the network is investigated with respect to the increase in the number of small-cells and results show the capacity gains achieved by the coexistence.Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Wireless Communication, Special Issue-5G mmWave Small Cell Networks: Architecture, Self-Organization and Managemen

Cooperative HARQ Assisted NOMA Scheme in Large-scale D2D Networks

This paper develops an interference aware design for cooperative hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for large-scale device-to-device (D2D) networks. Specifically, interference aware rate selection and power allocation are considered to maximize long term average throughput (LTAT) and area spectral efficiency (ASE). The design framework is based on stochastic geometry that jointly accounts for the spatial interference correlation at the NOMA receivers as well as the temporal interference correlation across HARQ transmissions. It is found that ignoring the effect of the aggregate interference, or overlooking the spatial and temporal correlation in interference, highly overestimates the NOMA performance and produces misleading design insights. An interference oblivious selection for the power and/or transmission rates leads to violating the network outage constraints. To this end, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of NOMA transmission and manifest the importance of the cooperative HARQ to combat the negative effect of the network aggregate interference. For instance, comparing to the non-cooperative HARQ assisted NOMA, the proposed scheme can yield an outage probability reduction by $32$%. Furthermore, an interference aware optimal design that maximizes the LTAT given outage constraints leads to $47$% throughput improvement over HARQ-assisted orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme.Comment: submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communication