Cybersecurity Awareness in African Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of Sudan

The crisis caused by the rapid spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has imposed a swift and profound change on teaching and learning methods. Consequently, most higher education institutions around the world, including African higher education institutions, have moved from face-to-face teaching to online learning and teaching, which has made the use of the internet by university students necessary and obligatory regardless of the risks associated with unsafe use. This quick move to online teaching and learning has exposed African universities to a greater risk of cybercrime. This prompted the researchers to investigate the cybersecurity awareness levels among undergraduate students at African higher education institutions based in the case country, Sudan. In an exploratory research approach, a survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 1,200 undergraduate students at six public universities in Sudan. The results show that most undergraduate students in Sudan higher educational institutions have low cybersecurity awareness levels. Further investigation using inferential statistics reveals that male students at the universities in Sudan have slightly higher levels of cybersecurity awareness than female students. Most of the participants believe that cybersecurity should be taught in schools; they are also willing to learn about cybersecurity. In addition, the results showed that students with advanced computer skills significantly differ from students with intermediate or basic computer skills in practicing cybersecurity

Critical Analysis of Strategies Towards Creating an Adequate Level of Awareness on Cybercrime among the Youth in Gauteng Province

This study aims to determine any measures taken by the South African Police Service (SAPS) to create awareness about cybercrime among the youth in the selected policing areas in the Gauteng province. A qualitative research method was applied using semi-structured interviews to find the views of participants, of measures if any, to create youths’ awareness in the area of cybercrime. A total of 37 participants comprised of 29 youths aged between 19 and 35 years, including an additional eight participants from the SAPS Crime Intelligence Unit who agreed to participate. Among these participants, there were 18 females and 19 males. The findings highlighted that there was a lack of awareness on the measures taken by the SAPS in educating the youth about the risks associated with cybercrime. The other challenges highlighted by the SAPS were a lack of capacity, resources, and training to increase the technical skills amongst the SAPS members to work effectively on cybercrime-related challenges, lack of collaboration among role players to respond adequately to cybercrime, and ineffective implementation of cybercrime policies, therefore, there was a lack of cybercrime-related campaigns. Based on the findings, five themes were explored in this study, including a lack of capacity, resources, and training to increase the technical skills amongst the SAPS members to work effectively on cybercrime-related challenges, lack of collaboration among role players to respond adequately to cybercrime and ineffective implementation of cybercrime policies. The recommendations are provided as a potential step towards tailoring education packages and awareness programs to ensure at-risk groups are equipped with actionable mechanisms to protect themselves against cybercrimes

Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia

This open-access book presents cutting-edge research on securitization and democratic development in the OSCE Region. Gathering contributions by practitioners and researchers from various disciplines, it presents case studies and highlights recent activities of proactive engagement in democratic institution-building and responding to security threats from the Balkans to Central Asia. The volume is divided into three parts, the first of which focuses on security-related matters, armed conflicts, minorities, and women’s safety, as well as the roles that civil society, foreign governments, social media, and external donors play in this area. These contributions illustrate how the OSCE’s informal approach to peace, security, and securitization as norm entrepreneur is closely linked to the level of democracy among its member states. The second part presents a special section on the political implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assessing the impact of this infrastructural program on the levels of democracy and/or autocracy in Eurasia. The third part consists of short chapters outlining future research and debates. The book will appeal to students and scholars of international relations, security studies, and the human rights-politics nexus. This is the 2022 instalment in a series of books released by the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. The OSCE works to promote Minority Protection, Security, Democratic Development and Human Rights, guided by the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and to enhance securitization and development policies in Eurasia, Europe, Central Asia and North America. Since being founded in 1993, the OSCE and its agencies and departments have attracted a wealth of academic research in various fields and disciplines, ranging from economic development and election monitoring to enhancing global principles of human rights and securitization

Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia

This open-access book presents cutting-edge research on securitization and democratic development in the OSCE Region. Gathering contributions by practitioners and researchers from various disciplines, it presents case studies and highlights recent activities of proactive engagement in democratic institution-building and responding to security threats from the Balkans to Central Asia. The volume is divided into three parts, the first of which focuses on security-related matters, armed conflicts, minorities, and women’s safety, as well as the roles that civil society, foreign governments, social media, and external donors play in this area. These contributions illustrate how the OSCE’s informal approach to peace, security, and securitization as norm entrepreneur is closely linked to the level of democracy among its member states. The second part presents a special section on the political implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assessing the impact of this infrastructural program on the levels of democracy and/or autocracy in Eurasia. The third part consists of short chapters outlining future research and debates. The book will appeal to students and scholars of international relations, security studies, and the human rights-politics nexus. This is the 2022 instalment in a series of books released by the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. The OSCE works to promote Minority Protection, Security, Democratic Development and Human Rights, guided by the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and to enhance securitization and development policies in Eurasia, Europe, Central Asia and North America. Since being founded in 1993, the OSCE and its agencies and departments have attracted a wealth of academic research in various fields and disciplines, ranging from economic development and election monitoring to enhancing global principles of human rights and securitization

Country Reports on Terrorism 2019

This 2019 report details terrorist activities occuring around the world and provides an overview of areas where international and regional terrorist organizations may have a presence or foothold and access to financial or other types of support

Workforce Development for a Knowledge Economy: Report of the International Workshop

In a knowledge economy, globalization and rapid advances in technological innovation have rendered the production of goods and services more complex, competitive, and increasingly dependent upon information and communication technology (ICT). The social, economic, and cultural impact of these economic trends and of the information society are unprecedented. The emerging knowledge economy requires a highly flexible and increasingly skilled workforce that can be continuously trained and upgraded. Therefore, new and innovative legislation, policy, and planning must be introduced for technical and vocational education and training. In support of this goal, the objectives of the workshop were to: ○ Share experiences of workforce development for knowledge economy ○ Draft project proposals to develop workforce needed in knowledge economy ○ Examine issues to be faced with the advent of knowledge economyPreface iii PART ONE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP 1 I. Organization of the Workshop 3 A. Organization 3 B. Objectives of the Workshop 3 C. Opening of the Workshop 3 D. Attendance 5 E. Election of officers 5 II. Knowledge Economy Presentations 5 A. ICT and National Innovation System: Is ICT an Engine of Growth? 5 B. Developing ICT Strategy for Economic Growth 8 C. Knowledge Worker Development: Technology Neutrality and Growth of the IT Industry 9 D. Policy Implications of a Knowledge Economy 12 E. Developing ICT Strategies Using Open Technology 14 F. Knowledge Workforce Development for Computer Supported Collaborative Work Environments 15 G. Trends and Developments in Cyber Crime in the Information Age 17 H. Emerging Technical Skills Requirements for 21st Century Knowledge Workers 18 I. Needs Analysis of ICT Workers in Asia and the Pacific 21 J. Preparing Project Proposals Using Logical Framework Approach 23 III. Technical Education and Vocational Training Presentations 25 A. Employment Trends and Workforce Development Policies for the Republic of Korea 25 B. KOICA's Official Development Assistance and Human Resource Development 27 C. Human Resource Development Policy in Korea 29 D. Developing Learning Portal for Workforce Development 32 E. Closing the Gap in Education and Training 34 F. Cyber Crime Risks and Educating the Public on Internet Safety 36 G. Vocational Education and Training Finance in Korea 37 H. Educational Policy Making in Asia 39 I. Use of Information and Communications Technology in Technical Education and Vocational Training 41 J. Contribution of Technical Education and Vocational Training to Sustainable Development 43 K. Creating and Re-engineering Knowledge Workers in Developing Economies 44 L. Implications of Ubiquitous Computing for Education 46 M. Open Education System in India 48 N. Core Sustainable Development Skills for the Workforce 50 O. International Standards in Technical and Vocational Training 53 PART TWO SUMMARY OF COUNTRY REPORTS AND PROJECT PROPOSALS 57 A. Bangladesh 59 B. Bhutan 68 C. Cambodia 74 D. China 86 E. Fiji 93 F. India 101 G. Indonesia 109 H. Kazakhstan 116 Contents I. Korea 121 J. Kyrgyz Republic 131 K. Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 135 L. Maldives 148 M. Mongolia 153 N. Myanmar 155 O. Nepal 162 P. Papua New Guinea 167 Q. Philippines 172 R. Sri Lanka 180 S. Vietnam 191 ANNEXES 197 Annex I. Workshop Agenda 199 Annex II. List of Participants 20

What Steps Countries Are Taking to Prevent Sex Trafficking: The Relationship Between Law Enforcement and Sex Trafficking

The International Labor Organization estimates that there are 4.8 million people currently trapped in sex trafficking at a global level. Human trafficking, which can also be referred to as modern-day human slavery, is an issue that never left the planet; only one that which adapted to the changing world. In this study, a large literature review has been complied to analyze the statistics gathered by government and non-federal organizations regarding the issue of sex trafficking, and how law enforcement is tackling this issue at a domestic and global level. Qualitative data collected in the form of interviews took place in Washington D.C. and New York City, and quantitative data gathered from Marshall University students was evaluated in regards to the general level of awareness of sex trafficking. The literature review found that although sex trafficking statistics are higher than ever, many federal law enforcement agencies and non-profit organizations are promoting awareness in new, engaging ways. The effects of this dedicated work are shown in the awareness data collected from Marshall University students in the Spring of 2019

Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West

This open access book features various studies on democratization, transformation, socio-economic development, and security issues in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) geographical region and beyond. Written by experts and scholars working in the field of human dimension, security, transformation and development in Europe and Asia, particularly in post-soviet and communist countries, it examines the connectivity that the OSCE provides between the East and the West. The 2021 edition of this Compilation Series of the OSCE Academy presents studies on peace and conflict as well as political regime development in various member states of the OSCE as well as their economic, security and human rights performance and the challenges countries and society face currently. The OSCE is working in promoting Human Rights and Democratization under the notion of Human Dimension of ODIHR and is enhancing securitization and development policies in Eurasia, Europe, Central Asia and North America since 1991. 2021 marks the 30th anniversary on the tremendous efforts in promoting democracy, security and development. This compilation reviews some of these efforts in light of this anniversary, the achievements and shortcomings