8,715 research outputs found

    Nationality (Justice and Crime Coverage)

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    The variable provides information on whether the nationality of the (alleged) victims and/or perpetrator is mentioned in connection with crimes and offences. Research shows that minorities are disproportionately more often depicted as perpetrators than as victims (Hestermann, 2010; Vinson & Ertter, 2002).   Field of application/theoretical foundation: The variable “nationality of the (alleged) victim or perpetrator” is of particular relevance in the context of debates on media ethics and legal philosophy. It is mainly used in the field of media effects research (stereotype and cultivation research, see Arendt, 2010).   Example study: Hestermann (2010)   Info about variable Variable name/definition: nationality [NationalitĂ€t] Level of analysis: mentioned (alleged) victim and perpetrator in the report Values: Nationality of the victim & perpetrator Nicht genannt Deutsch AuslĂ€ndisch AusdrĂŒcklich unbekannt Trifft nicht zu Intercoder reliability: Nationality of the victim 0.94; Nationality of the perpetrator 0.98 (2 Coder). What exact coefficient has been calculated has not been reported. Codebook: available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941tf9.12   References Arendt, F. (2010). Cultivation effects of a newspaper on reality estimates, explicit and implicit attitudes. Journal of Media Psychology, 22, 147–159. Hestermann, T. (2010). Fernsehgewalt und die Einschaltquote: Welches Publikumsbild Fernsehschaffende leitet, wenn sie ĂŒber GewaltkriminalitĂ€t berichten. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. [Television violence and ratings: Which picture of the audience leads television makers when they report on violent crime]. Vinson, C. D., & Ertter, J. S. (2002). Entertainment or Education: How Do Media Cover the Courts? Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(4), S. 80–97

    Effects of Cinema on Juror Decision Making

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    Previous research has demonstrated how different forms of media, such as news, television, and music, can affect an individual\u27s perceptions and attitudes. However, little research exists on how these effects may have an impact in the courtroom beyond pre-trial publicity. This could pose a threat to the constitutional right of a fair trial; and understanding this threat may be vital to impartiality in the trial process. Using cultivation theory and the CSI effect as a theoretical basis, this study examined how attitudes toward, and perceptions about, mock trial vignettes were affected by exposure to entertainment media in the form of film. A posttest only, randomized experimental design was employed. One-hundred-fifty-nine participants were recruited through social media based on their eligibility for jury duty and were then exposed to (a) a film about crime, (b) a neutral film about the human body, or (c) no film and then presented with 3 criminal trial scenarios and asked to rate their perceptions about the defendant, the severity of the crime, and the defendant\u27s guilt. The vignettes produced 3 separate scores for each participant and the resulting data were analyzed using 3 separate one-way ANOVAs. Results of the study failed to show significant effects. This study may assist future researchers investigating this phenomenon by providing insight into the dimensional limitations of this phenomenon. For the everyday media consumer, this research contributes to the body of knowledge that helps to keep people informed of the many ways media can influence an individual\u27s perceptions, attitudes, and ultimately, their decisions, which is vital to reducing the impact of biases created by an uncontrolled flow of selective, and at times inaccurate, information

    Exploring the Existence of a “Documentary Effect”: Examination of True Crime Documentaries on Judgments of Evidence Manipulation and Perceptions of Police

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    abstract: Cultivation theory states that consuming television cultivates a social reality in the real world which aligns with the reality present in television. When the television show CSI was released, researchers studied a form of cultivation stemming from the show titled the "CSI Effect." One of the components of the CSI Effect is the tendency of those who watch CSI to be more likely to overestimate the presence of forensic evidence present in a trial and place more trust in such evidence. In recent years, several true crime documentaries that examined controversial cases have been released. In a similar vein of research conducted on CSI, the current study examines true crime documentaries and their possible impacts on viewers’ judgments and beliefs about the criminal justice system. In the current study, participants were provided with a mock case and asked about their perceptions of the case along with their viewership habits. While overall true crime documentary viewership did not influence judgments of evidence manipulation or perceptions of police, findings point to viewership of the targeted documentaries being associated with feelings of mistrust towards the criminal justice system overall, while the lesser-viewed documentaries correlated with judgments of strength and responsibility of the defendant in the case. One possible explanation is that individual characteristics may serve as the driving factor in how individuals choose what to watch when the popularity of the show is not as well-known.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Psychology 201

    Too much television?: Does watching political ads influence if and how people vote?

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    The goal of this study was to examine the impact of negative political advertising on a young voters’ emotions and his/her decision to vote in the next election. This was done through the lens of the theory of cultivation analysis. The theory stated that the more television a person watches, the more likely he/she is to believe what he/she sees is reality. Using a cross-sectional survey, 324 participants viewed one of four political ads or a control group ad. Although no significant evidence found that negative political ads would stop people from voting, some significant evidence suggested that negative ads demobilize voters and evoke negative emotions, which could affect their desire to vote in the next election

    Are You What You Read? Predicting Implicit Attitudes to Immigration Based on Linguistic Distributional Cues From Newspaper Readership; A Pre-registered Study

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    The implicit association test (IAT) measures bias towards often controversial topics (e.g., race, religion), while newspapers typically take strong positive/negative stances on such issues. In a pre-registered study, we developed and administered an immigration IAT to readers of the Daily Mail (a typically anti-immigration publication) and the Guardian (a typically pro-immigration publication) newspapers. IAT materials were constructed based on co-occurrence frequencies from each newspapers' website for immigration-related terms (migrant/immigrant) and positive/negative attributes (skilled/unskilled). Target stimuli showed stronger negative associations with immigration concepts in the Daily Mail compared to the Guardian, and stronger positive associations in the Guardian corpus compared to the Daily Mail corpus. Consistent with these linguistic distributional differences, Daily Mail readers exhibited a larger IAT bias, revealing stronger negative associations to immigration concepts compared to Guardian readers. This difference in overall bias was not fully explained by other variables, and raises the possibility that exposure to biased language contributes to biased implicit attitudes

    Cultivation effects of Saudi newspapers on estimates of expatriate crime

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    For years, scholarly work examined the media effects on audience and how they view and understand the world. In particular, media can play a role in shaping how an individual views crime and criminals. Using cultivation theory, this study examines the effects of Saudi Arabian print media (newspapers) on nationals and expatriates living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Surveys from 526 respondents were analyzed and hypotheses tested finding; there was no relationship between level of readership and personal perceptions of expat crime levels; there is no statistical significance between the level of readership and further judgments on how to deal with expat crimes and no resonance effect was found. On the other hand, group membership has a significant effect on estimations of expat crime levels

    Learning About Crime: Conceptions of Crime and Law Enforcement as They Relate to Use of Television and Other Information Sources

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    From the introduction: The possibility that television might influence our view of the world--that is, may teach values, expectations, and even norms of behavior-- has inspired a variety of attempts to identify and measure the consequences of exposure. TV\u27s programming emphasis in recent years on the dramatization of crime control (a subject already salient in the real world) makes crime and law enforcement an especially important area in which to look for potential effects of television. At the same time, the fact that other relevant information sources may be capable of generating the same biases and misconceptions, renders inconclusive any simple statistical link between particular responses and exposure to television

    Experimental insights into the socio-cognitive effects of viewing materialistic media messages on welfare support

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    This experimental study draws on cultivation, dispositional materialism, and schema theories to test the effects of commercial media viewing on material values and welfare support. Data were collected from a cross-sectional British sample using a web-survey priming methodology (N = 487, ages 18-49). Findings suggest that 1) materialism and anti-welfare orientations operate through associated and contiguous cognitive-affective mechanisms that can be triggered by momentary exposure to materialistic media messages (MMMs). 2) Heavy consumers of television shows that valorize and regularly portray wealth, fame, and luxury are significantly more materialistic and anti-welfare than lighter consumers. 3) Chronic attention to MMMs may indirectly increase support for the governmental enactment of punitive welfare policies via cultivating self-enhancement related schemas, which when instantiated, decrease dispositional orientations towards empathy, altruism, and communality. This research contributes nuanced theoretical and experimental insights into how ubiquitous commercial media potentially undermine prosocial development and societal well-being

    Guilty by association: Using word embeddings to measure ethnic stereotypes in news coverage

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    The current study provides a new level of empirical evidence for the nature of ethnic stereotypes in news content by drawing on a sample of more than 3 million Dutch news items. The study’s findings demonstrate that universally accepted dimensions of stereotype content (i.e., low-status and high-threat attributes) can be replicated in news media content across a diverse set of ingroup and outgroup categories. Representations of minorities in newspapers have become progressively remote from factual integration outcomes, and are therefore rather an artifact of news production processes than a true reflection of what is actually happening in society

    Impulsive facial threat perceptions after exposure to stereotypic crime news

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    Tests were performed to learn whether exposure to news about crimes committed by dark-skinned criminals increases impulsive facial-threat perceptions of meeting dark-skinned strangers in a subsequent situation (media-priming hypothesis), but only when the facial displays are ambiguous (ambiguity hypothesis). The assumption is that news stereotypes prime the “dark-skinned criminal” stereotype, which, in turn, influences subsequent face processing. An experiment with two groups was used to test this prediction. Participants allocated to the treatment group (n = 53) read about crimes committed by dark-skinned criminals. In contrast, for the control group (n = 52), cues indicating skin color were not mentioned at all. As predicted, the treatment increased the perceived facial threat of dark-skinned strangers, but only when the facial displays were ambiguous. Given the importance of the face in social interaction, I discuss important, real-world implications for recipients as well as for journalists and media organizations
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