Image Encryption Based on Diffusion and Multiple Chaotic Maps

In the recent world, security is a prime important issue, and encryption is one of the best alternative way to ensure security. More over, there are many image encryption schemes have been proposed, each one of them has its own strength and weakness. This paper presents a new algorithm for the image encryption/decryption scheme. This paper is devoted to provide a secured image encryption technique using multiple chaotic based circular mapping. In this paper, first, a pair of sub keys is given by using chaotic logistic maps. Second, the image is encrypted using logistic map sub key and in its transformation leads to diffusion process. Third, sub keys are generated by four different chaotic maps. Based on the initial conditions, each map may produce various random numbers from various orbits of the maps. Among those random numbers, a particular number and from a particular orbit are selected as a key for the encryption algorithm. Based on the key, a binary sequence is generated to control the encryption algorithm. The input image of 2-D is transformed into a 1- D array by using two different scanning pattern (raster and Zigzag) and then divided into various sub blocks. Then the position permutation and value permutation is applied to each binary matrix based on multiple chaos maps. Finally the receiver uses the same sub keys to decrypt the encrypted images. The salient features of the proposed image encryption method are loss-less, good peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), Symmetric key encryption, less cross correlation, very large number of secret keys, and key-dependent pixel value replacement.Comment: 14 pages,9 figures and 5 tables; http://airccse.org/journal/jnsa11_current.html, 201

Word-based encryption algorithm using dictionary indexing with variable encryption key length

This paper proposes a new algorithm for text encryption utilizing English words as a unit of encoding. The algorithm vanishes any feature that could be used to reveal the encrypted text through adopting variable code lengths for the English words, utilizing a variable-length encryption key, applying two-dimensional binary shuffling techniques at the bit level, and utilizing four binary logical operations with randomized shuffling inputs. English words that alphabetically sorted are divided into four lookup tables where each word has assigned an index. The strength of the proposed algorithm concluded from having two major components. Firstly, each lookup table utilizes different index sizes, and all index sizes are not multiples of bytes. Secondly, the shuffling operations are conducted on a two-dimensional binary matrix with variable length. Lastly, the parameters of the shuffling operation are randomized based on a randomly selected encryption key with varying size. Thus, the shuffling operations move adjacent bits away in a randomized fashion. Definitively, the proposed algorithm vanishes any signature or any statistical features of the original message. Moreover, the proposed algorithm reduces the size of the encrypted message as an additive advantage which is achieved through utilizing the smallest possible index size for each lookup table

Medical and Biological Image Analysis

Today, technology and information communication are deeply embedded in our life. Information is present and used in many forms: electronic documents, audio, videos, photos, etc. Recent advances in technology, particularly in the computer industry and communication, have motivated organisations to replace their traditional manually stored and exchanged records with computer systems and digital documents for secure storage and smooth transmission. Medical and biological image processing is a numerical method and technique for modifying a digital image to improve or extract information. The main stages of image processing are

Joint block and stream cipher based on a modified skew tent map

Image encryption is very different from that of texts due to the bulk data capacity and the high redundancy of images. Thus, traditional methods are difficult to use for image encryption as their pseudo-random sequences have small space. Chaotic cryptography use chaos theory in specific systems working such as computing algorithms to accomplish dissimilar cryptographic tasks in a cryptosystem with a fast throughput. For higher security, encryption is the approach to guard information and prevent its leakage. In this paper, a hybrid encryption scheme that combines both stream and block ciphering algorithms is proposed in order to achieve the required level of security with the minimum encryption time. This scheme is based on an improved mathematical model to cover the defects in the previous discredited model proposed by Masuda. The proposed chaos-based cryptosystem uses the improved Skew Tent Map (STM) RQ-FSTM as a substitution layer. This map is based on a lookup table to overcome various problems, such as the fixed point, the key space restrictions, and the limitation of mapping between plain text and cipher text. It uses the same map as a generator to change the byte position to achieve the required confusion and diffusion effects. This modification improves the security level of the original STM. The robustness of the proposed cryptosystem is proven by the performance and the security analysis, as well as the high encryption speed. Depending on the results of the security analysis the proposed system has a better dynamic key space than previous ones using STM, a double encryption quality and a better security analysis than others in the literature with speed convenience to real-time applications

On Known-Plaintext Attacks to a Compressed Sensing-based Encryption: A Quantitative Analysis

Despite the linearity of its encoding, compressed sensing may be used to provide a limited form of data protection when random encoding matrices are used to produce sets of low-dimensional measurements (ciphertexts). In this paper we quantify by theoretical means the resistance of the least complex form of this kind of encoding against known-plaintext attacks. For both standard compressed sensing with antipodal random matrices and recent multiclass encryption schemes based on it, we show how the number of candidate encoding matrices that match a typical plaintext-ciphertext pair is so large that the search for the true encoding matrix inconclusive. Such results on the practical ineffectiveness of known-plaintext attacks underlie the fact that even closely-related signal recovery under encoding matrix uncertainty is doomed to fail. Practical attacks are then exemplified by applying compressed sensing with antipodal random matrices as a multiclass encryption scheme to signals such as images and electrocardiographic tracks, showing that the extracted information on the true encoding matrix from a plaintext-ciphertext pair leads to no significant signal recovery quality increase. This theoretical and empirical evidence clarifies that, although not perfectly secure, both standard compressed sensing and multiclass encryption schemes feature a noteworthy level of security against known-plaintext attacks, therefore increasing its appeal as a negligible-cost encryption method for resource-limited sensing applications.Comment: IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, accepted for publication. Article in pres

On weak rotors, Latin squares, linear algebraic representations, invariant differentials and cryptanalysis of Enigma

Since the 1920s until today it was assumed that rotors in Enigma cipher machines do not have a particular weakness or structure. A curious situation compared to hundreds of papers about S-boxes and weak setup in block ciphers. In this paper we reflect on what is normal and what is not normal for a cipher machine rotor, with a reference point being a truly random permutation. Our research shows that most original wartime Enigma rotors ever made are not at all random permutations and conceal strong differential properties invariant by rotor rotation. We also exhibit linear/algebraic properties pertaining to the ring of integers modulo 26. Some rotors are imitating a certain construction of a perfect quasigroup which however only works when N is odd. Most other rotors are simply trying to approximate the ideal situation. To the best of our knowledge these facts are new and were not studied before 2020

Security of Ubiquitous Computing Systems

The chapters in this open access book arise out of the EU Cost Action project Cryptacus, the objective of which was to improve and adapt existent cryptanalysis methodologies and tools to the ubiquitous computing framework. The cryptanalysis implemented lies along four axes: cryptographic models, cryptanalysis of building blocks, hardware and software security engineering, and security assessment of real-world systems. The authors are top-class researchers in security and cryptography, and the contributions are of value to researchers and practitioners in these domains. This book is open access under a CC BY license

Low-complexity Multiclass Encryption by Compressed Sensing

The idea that compressed sensing may be used to encrypt information from unauthorised receivers has already been envisioned, but never explored in depth since its security may seem compromised by the linearity of its encoding process. In this paper we apply this simple encoding to define a general private-key encryption scheme in which a transmitter distributes the same encoded measurements to receivers of different classes, which are provided partially corrupted encoding matrices and are thus allowed to decode the acquired signal at provably different levels of recovery quality. The security properties of this scheme are thoroughly analysed: firstly, the properties of our multiclass encryption are theoretically investigated by deriving performance bounds on the recovery quality attained by lower-class receivers with respect to high-class ones. Then we perform a statistical analysis of the measurements to show that, although not perfectly secure, compressed sensing grants some level of security that comes at almost-zero cost and thus may benefit resource-limited applications. In addition to this we report some exemplary applications of multiclass encryption by compressed sensing of speech signals, electrocardiographic tracks and images, in which quality degradation is quantified as the impossibility of some feature extraction algorithms to obtain sensitive information from suitably degraded signal recoveries.Comment: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, accepted for publication. Article in pres

On the hardness of the hidden subspaces problem with and without noise. Cryptanalysis of Aaronson-Christiano’s quantum money scheme

[ES] El boom de internet ha marcado el comienzo de la era digital y ésta ha traído consigo un desarrollo espectacular de las tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones, entre las que la criptografía es la reina. La criptografía de clave pública actual está basada principalmente en dos problemas que la comunidad criptográfica asume como difíciles: la factorización y el logaritmo discreto. Sin embargo, si se llegase a construir un computador cuántico lo suficientemente potente, esta dificultad no sería tal. Así pues, la computación cuántica pondría en un grave aprieto a la criptografía moderna y, puesto que la trayectoria reciente del campo sugiere que ésta podría convertirse en una realidad en un futuro no muy lejano, la comunidad criptográfica ha comenzado a explorar otras opciones para estar lista en caso de que se logre construir un computador cuántico eficiente. Esto ha dado un im- pulso a lo que se conoce como criptografía post-cuántica, aquella cuya dificultad no se vería afectada por este nuevo paradigma de computación y que está basada en los llamados problemas resistentes a la computación cuántica. La criptografía post-cuántica ha suscitado mucho interés recientemente y actualmente está en proceso de estandarización, por lo que en el momento de iniciar esta tesis resultaba relevante estudiar problemas supuestamente resistentes al computador cuántico. La parte central de esta tesis es el análisis de la dificultad del problema de los subespacios ocultos (HSP por sus siglas en inglés) y del problema de los subespacios ocultos con ruido (NHSP), dos problemas resistentes al computador cuántico según sus autores. Además de la relevancia que su supuesta resistencia a la computación cuántica les confiere, estos dos problemas son también importantes porque en su dificultad se sustenta la seguridad de las dos versiones del primer esquema de dinero cuántico de clave pública que cuenta con una prueba de seguridad. Este primer esquema es el de Aaronson-Christiano, que implementa dinero cuántico — un tipo de dinero que explota las leyes de la mecánica cuántica para crear dinero infalsificable — que cualquiera puede verificar. Los resultados obtenidos acerca de la dificultad del HSP y del NHSP tienen un impacto directo sobre la seguridad del esquema de Aaronson-Christiano, lo cual nos motivó a centrar esta tesis en estos dos problemas. El Capítulo 3 contiene nuestros resultados acerca del problema de los subespacios ocultos y está fundamentalmente basado en nuestro trabajo [Conde Pena et al.,2015]. Los autores del HSP lo definieron originalmente sobre el cuerpo binario, pero nosotros extendemos la definición a cualquier otro cuerpo finito de orden primo, siempre considerando que la instanciación es la que los autores proponen. Después de modelar el HSP con un sistema de ecuaciones con buenas propiedades, usamos técnicas de criptoanálisis algebraico para explorar el sistema en profundidad. Para el HSP sobre cualquier cuerpo que no sea el binario diseñamos un algoritmo que resuelve de manera eficiente instancias que satisfacen una cierta condición. Utilizando técnicas distintas, construimos un algoritmo heurístico, sustentado por argumentos teóricos, que resuelve eficientemente instancias del HSP sobre el cuerpo binario. Ambos algo-ritmos comprometen la dificultad del HSP siempre que las instancias del problema sean escogidas como Aaronson-Christiano proponen. Como consecuencia, nuestros algoritmos vulneran la seguridad de la versión del esquema sin ruido. El capítulo 4 contiene nuestros resultados acerca del problema de los subespacios ocultos con ruido y está fundamentalmente basado en nuestro trabajo [Conde Pena et al., 2018]. Al igual que con el HSP, extendemos la definición del NHSP a cualquier otro cuerpo de orden primo y consideramos instancias generadas como especifi- can Aaronson-Christiano. Mostramos que el NHSP se puede reducir al HSP sobre cualquier cuerpo primo que no sea el binario para ciertas instancias, mientras que el NHSP sobre el cuerpo binario se puede resolver con una probabilidad mayor de la asumida por los autores en la conjetura sobre la que la seguridad de su esquema con ruido se sustenta. Aunque nuestros resultados se obtienen desde un punto de vista puramente no cuántico, durante el desarrollo de esta tesis otro autor demostró que existe una reducción cuántica del NHSP al HSP también en el caso binario. Por tanto, la dificultad del NHSP y la seguridad del esquema de Aaronson-Christiano con ruido se han visto comprometidas por nuestros descubrimientos acerca del HSP