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Transformation of propositional calculus statements into integer and mixed integer programs: An approach towards automatic reformulation
A systematic procedure for transforming a set of logical statements or logical conditions imposed on a model into an Integer Linear Progamming (ILP) formulation Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) formulation is presented. An ILP stated as a system of linear constraints involving integer variables and an objective function, provides a powerful representation of decision problems through a tightly interrelated closed system of choices. It supports direct representation of logical (Boolean or prepositional calculus) expressions. Binary variables (hereafter called logical variables) are first introduced and methods of logically connecting these to other variables are then presented. Simple constraints can be combined to construct logical relationships and the methods of formulating these are discussed. A reformulation procedure which uses the extended reverse polish representation of a compound logical form is then described. These reformulation procedures are illustrated by two examples. A scheme of implementation.ithin an LP modelling system is outlined
Residuation and guarded rules for constraint logic programming
A major difficulty with logic programming is combinatorial explosion: since goals are solved with possibly indeterminate (i.e., branching) reductions, the resulting search trees may grow wildly. Constraint logic programming systems try to avoid combinatorial explosion by building in strong determinate (i.e., non-branching) reduction in the form of constraint simplification. In this paper we present two concepts, residuation and guarded rules, for further strengthening determinate reduction. Both concepts apply to constraint logic programming in general and yield an operational semantics that coincides with the declarative semantics. Residuation is a control strategy giving priority to determinate reductions. Guarded rules are logical consequences of programs adding otherwise unavailable determinate reductions
Constraint-based Programming: A Survey
Report on constraint-based computer programming analyzing finite-domain and continuous-domain constraint satisfaction methods and existing systems which apply constraints to problem-solving, modeling, and simulation
Topics in Programming Languages, a Philosophical Analysis through the case of Prolog
[EN]Programming languages seldom find proper anchorage in philosophy of logic, language and science. is more, philosophy of language seems to be restricted to natural languages and linguistics, and even philosophy of logic is rarely framed into programming languages topics. The logic programming paradigm and Prolog are, thus, the most adequate paradigm and programming language to work on this subject, combining natural language processing and linguistics, logic programming and constriction methodology on both algorithms and procedures, on an overall philosophizing declarative status. Not only this, but the dimension of the Fifth Generation Computer system related to strong Al wherein Prolog took a major role. and its historical frame in the very crucial dialectic between procedural and declarative paradigms, structuralist and empiricist biases, serves, in exemplar form, to treat straight ahead philosophy of logic, language and science in the contemporaneous age as well.
In recounting Prolog's philosophical, mechanical and algorithmic harbingers, the opportunity is open to various routes. We herein shall exemplify some:
- the mechanical-computational background explored by Pascal, Leibniz, Boole, Jacquard, Babbage, Konrad Zuse, until reaching to the ACE (Alan Turing) and EDVAC (von Neumann), offering the backbone in computer architecture, and the work of Turing, Church, Gödel, Kleene, von Neumann, Shannon, and others on computability, in parallel lines, throughly studied in detail, permit us to interpret ahead the evolving realm of programming languages. The proper line from lambda-calculus, to the Algol-family, the declarative and procedural split with the C language and Prolog, and the ensuing branching and programming languages explosion and further delimitation, are thereupon inspected as to relate them with the proper syntax, semantics and philosophical élan of logic programming and Prolog
The Opinion Volume 13 Number 3 – November 2, 1972
The Opinion newspaper issue dated November 2, 1972https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/the_opinion/1052/thumbnail.jp
Expectations eclipsed in foreign language education: learners and educators on an ongoing journey / edited by Hülya Görür-Atabaş, Sharon Turner.
Between June 2-4, 2011 Sabancı University School of Languages welcomed colleagues from 21 different countries to a collaborative exploration of the challenging and inspiring journey of learners and educators in the field of language education.\ud
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The conference provided an opportunity for all stakeholders to share their views on language education. Colleagues met with world-renowned experts and authors in the fields of education and psychology, faculty and administrators from various universities and institutions, teachers from secondary educational backgrounds and higher education, as well as learners whose voices are often not directly shared but usually reported.\ud
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The conference name, Eclipsing Expectations, was inspired by two natural phenomena, a solar eclipse directly before the conference, and a lunar eclipse, immediately after. Learners and educators were hereby invited to join a journey to observe, learn and exchange ideas in orde
Papers in Australian linguistics No. 15 : Australian Aboriginal lexicography
The past f if teen years have seen major developments in the description and
analysis of Australian Aboriginal languages. A large number of descriptive
grammars have been published (see Walsh (1979: 8-10) for a partial listing) and
several theoretical topics have been discussed in detail, for example , casemarking
and ergativity (see papers in Topic B and Topic D of Dixon 1 976, Dixon
1979, Blake 1977 and Silverstein 1981). In addition, some excellent surveys of
the f ield have appeared: Blake 1 981, Dixon 1 980 , Yallop 1 982.
During this time , lexicography and dictionary production has lagged behind
the s tudy of phonological and grammatical issues. In a seminal article on
lexicography in Aboriginal Australia , O'Grady 197 1 discussed and evaluated work
completed and research in progress for the period 1 780 to 1 968. In an
appendix, he gave a summary listing of forty-nine unpublished dictionaries
representing thirty-nine different Austral ian languages . A mere four of those
have been published in the intervening fif teen years. Admittedly , several
vocabularies and d ictionaries not known to O' Grady have appeared recently (for
example Coate and Elkin 1975, Hansen and Hansen 1977 and Heath 1982 ) , however ,
the number of published dictionaries is small compared to the number of
available grammars . In addition, no dictionary of an Aus tralian language
published to date could be describ�d as truly comprehensive (cf. La ughlin 1 975
or Young and Morgan 1980 for indigenous languages elsewhere in the world ).
This situation is set to change in the near future. There are a number of
projects currently underway which will see the preparation and publication over
the next few years of large comprehensive bilingual dictionaries for a range of
Australian languages. Several scholars working on dictionary projects were
present at the annual conference of the Australian Linguistic Society held at
the Australian National University in 1981. In informal discussions I raised
the idea of our getting together to exchange ideas and share experiences . To
this end I convened a workshop on Australian Aboriginal lexicography which was
held in conjuction with the ALS annual conference at the Univers ity of Sydney
in August 1982. Eight papers were presented at the workshop which was attended
by thirty-five linguists , many of whom had begun or were about to begin
dictionary preparation. All the presentations , with the exception of one by
R.M.W. Dixon on the Dyirbal dictionary-thesaurus , were written up and appear in
this volume
Spartan Daily, April 6, 1995
Volume 104, Issue 43https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/8688/thumbnail.jp
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