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    НалогооблоТСниС Π² Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ… управлСния государствСнными финансами

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    ΠžΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ‹Π΅ тСорСтичСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ государствСнной экономики, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ для Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ управлСния измСнСниями Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… систСм ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…. Π’ частности, Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ администрировании особСнно ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ прСдставляСтся всСмСрноС обСспСчСниС Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ справСдливости, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… для Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π² ΠΏΠΎ внСсСнию ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ становится Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π’ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ странах Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° Π² связи с политичСскими ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ часто являСтся основным прСпятствиСм ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-экономичСского развития. Π˜ΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ всСгда ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° отсутствия Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… стратСгий Π² государствСнной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ структурных ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ извСстны ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ примСнСния Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² систСмах управлСния государствСнными финансами, Π² частности, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², расходов ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ стандартном Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… систСм часто игнорируСтся Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ администрирования, связанная с трансакционными ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ влияниСм Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ экономики: Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ сборов ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ… количСствСнной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… налогооблоТСния, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ способов ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ раскрытия ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ систСмных инструмСнтов взимания Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² рСформирования Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΊ максимальной эффСктивности Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² двиТСния финансовых рСсурсов Π² Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… ΠΈ расходах, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… процСссов, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ вопрос Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ случаи, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° донорскоС сообщСство ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ настаивали Π½Π° нСобходимости внСдрСния ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Β«Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ», особСнно Ссли Ρ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… финансовой ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅. ΠžΡ‚Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌ, слСдуСт ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ для Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ систСмы ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ страны Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ спСцифичСскиС Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹, поэтому ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΅ рСформирования Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° мСстных особСнностСй. Π’ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° управлСния измСнСниями Π² систСмах государствСнных финансов услоТняСтся внСшними ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ нСопрСдСлСнности, поэтому ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ… Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ процСсса ΠΈ исполнСниС государством своих конституционных ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π². РСгуляторная функция экономики Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ устойчивого экономичСского развития, соотвСтствСнно, Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ систСмы, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ стратСгичСского элСмСнта госрСгулирования, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ эффСктивныС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², сборов, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΡŒΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎ взаимосвязи с расходными ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΠΌΠΈ, трансфСртами ΠΈ субсидиями.Generally, standard theoretical approaches to reforming national economy are quite usable for goals of managing changes of taxation systems and their components. In particular, of most problematic issue for tax administration is all-round provision of implementing principles of horizontal justice, as well as introducing the approaches which allow the execution of commitments on making payments by taxpayers to be more profitable than evasion. In many developing countries, due to political reasons the government’s inability to implement their declared programs is frequently the main obstacle to improving the socio-economic progress. Implementation of many reform initiatives is not always successful due to absence of clear strategies in governmental policy of structural transformations. There are wide known models of applying new approaches in systems of public finance management (PFM), particularly, in regard of formation and dynamics of revenues, expenses, debts. The standard analysis of tax systems ignores, as a rule, the efficiency of tax administration connected with transaction costs and shadow economy influence: the issue is about the expenses, on one hand, for payers of obligatory payments and levies, and on the other hand, for taxation authorities, as well as about the other taxation components, non-subject to quantitative assessment, including motivation of breaching legislation. Of great significance is tax behavior, prevention of opportunism, regulation of not only tax rates and taxation basis but also of ways of public information accessibility, application of systemic toolkits of tax collection. While developing detailed plans of reforming, it is necessary to strain after maximum efficiency of continuous cycles of financial resource movements in terms of revenues and expenditures, as well as to consider challenges for interruption of the budget processes. At that, one of the main issue is, obviously, selection of targets and priorities. There are known cases, when the donor community and international organizations insist on β€œthe best practices” introduction, especially if the reforming is carried out with their financial support. In justice to numerous positive examples, it should be borne in mind that each taxation system of every country is characterized by their specific traits, so the efficiency of its reforming will at large depend on considering local features. On the whole, the task of managing changes in the public finance systems is getting more complicated in the context of external and internal factors of uncertainty. Thus, in any circumstances it is vital to ensure continuity of the budget process, as well as execution by the state of its constitutional obligations. The regulatory potential of economy should be focused on implementing sustainable economic development goals. Accordingly, in the taxation system framework, as a strategic tool for governmental regulation, there must function efficient mechanisms of taxes and levies, as well as benefits and preferences in coordination with expenditure items, transfers and subsidies

    Crossing the death valley to transfer environmental decision support systems to the water market

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    Environmental decision support systems (EDSSs) are attractive tools to cope with the complexity of environmental global challenges. Several thoughtful reviews have analyzed EDSSs to identify the key challenges and best practices for their development. One of the major criticisms is that a wide and generalized use of deployed EDSSs has not been observed. The paper briefly describes and compares four case studies of EDSSs applied to the water domain, where the key aspects involved in the initial conception and the use and transfer evolution that determine the final success or failure of these tools (i.e., market uptake) are identified. Those aspects that contribute to bridging the gap between the EDSS science and the EDSS market are highlighted in the manuscript. Experience suggests that the construction of a successful EDSS should focus significant efforts on crossing the death-valley toward a general use implementation by society (the market) rather than on development.The authors would like to thank the Catalan Water Agency (AgΓ¨ncia Catalana de l’Aigua), BesΓ²s River Basin Regional Administration (Consorci per la Defensa de la Conca del Riu BesΓ²s), SISLtech, and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for providing funding (CTM2012-38314-C02-01 and CTM2015-66892-R). LEQUIA, KEMLG, and ICRA were recognized as consolidated research groups by the Catalan Government under the codes 2014-SGR-1168, 2013-SGR-1304 and 2014-SGR-291.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    Earthquake early warning system

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    As the climate undergoes changes, the number of natural disasters increase and the severity of these occurrences increases over time. As the population of human race increases, natural protective terrains and barriers were destroyed for urbanization due to the exploitation of vulnerable areas on the earth. Earthquakes are unpredictable and as an initiative to adapt to climate changes and as a strategy to reduce earthquake disaster risk, early warning systems (EWS) has been internationally recognized to play a role in providing alerts to the public so that safety precaution procedures and protocols can be implemented in response to earthquake occurrences..
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