39 research outputs found

    Economic growth pattern in restricted areas: the case study of Kangding City in Sichuan Province

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    The construction of regional development patterns based on the main functional areas is a major strategic innovation which not only conforms to the national regional policy but also incorporates regional features. On June 8, 2011, the state council issued the National Main Function Area Planning to readjust guiding thoughts of regional development of our country. In 2013, Sichuan province formulated and published the Main Function Area Planning which divided the restricted areas into main producing areas of agricultural products and key ecological functional areas. And among them, the key ecological functional areas are the important research subject of this thesis. In light of the strategic pattern of main functional areas, the structure of regional interests has undergone a major adjustment, which means that economic devolopment pattern in restricted areas need a foundamental transformation. Such areas need to build up economic system rooted in main functions and enhance their self-sustainability. It also poses a new challenge for policymakers in these areas. Research on economic growth pattern of restricted areas has become an important topic in the study of China’s regional economic theory.A definição de padrões de desenvolvimento regionais baseados em áreas funcionais principais constitui uma inovação estratégica, que não só está de acordo com as políticas regionais, mas também permite a inclusão das características específicas de cada região. A 8 de junho de 2011as autoridades nacionais Chinesas publicaram o documento intitulado National Main Function Area Planning para reajustar, a nível nacional, as linhas estratégicas de desenvolvimento regional. Em 2013 a província de Sichuan editou e publicou o Main Function Area Planning que dividia as áreas de desenvolvimento restrito em dois tipos: áreas de produção maioritariamente agrícola e áreas funcionais ecológicas chave. O principal objeto de investigação desta tese é a segunda destas áreas. Tendo em consideração os padrões estratégicos das áreas funcionais principais, a estrutura dos interesses regionais tem sido sujeita a ajustamentos importantes, o que significa a necessidade de transformações fundamentais nos padrões de desenvolvimento económico das áreas de desenvolvimento restrito. Estas áreas necessitam de construir um sistema económico baseado nas funções principais e que seja autossustentado, o que constitui um novo desafio para as políticas públicas. Os padrões de crescimento económico em áreas de desenvolvimento restrito tornou-se um importante tópico de investigação na teoria económica regional da China

    Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000:the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue

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    Das Jahrzehnt zwischen 1900 und 2000, welches das Objekt dieser Dissertation ist, war reich an Ereignissen in den Chinesisch-Tibetischen Beziehungen. Das Dialog zwischen Peking und Dharamsala, welches in der frühen 1980er initiiert wurde, ist zusammengebrochen, China hat Wirtschaftsreformen und Infrastrukturprojekte gestartet, die für das Überleben des tibetischen Volkes fatal sein könnten, die Tibeter haben angefangen ihr politisches Anliegen zu internationalisieren und die Politik des Mittleren Weges wurde demokratisch von dem tibetischen Volk einstimmig akzeptiert. Es war ein Jahrzehnt von vielen hoffnungsvollen Anzeichen für das tibetische Volk – die Berliner Mauer ist gefallen, die Sowietunion ist zerfallen und der Kommunismus in Europa war besiegt, die chinesischen Studenten sind gegen ihre Regierung und für mehr Demokratie aufgestanden, der Straßburger Vorschlag des Dalai Lama hat eine weltweite Unterstützung erfahren und der Friedensnobelpreis wurde Dalai Lama verliehen. Für die Kommunistische Partei Chinas war es ein Jahrzehnt ernsten internen und internationalen Herausforderungen – ihr angeschlagenes Image zu aufzubessern und das Vertrauen des Volkes zurückzugewinnen. Andererseits bekam der tibetische Nationalkampf internationale Beachtung und Unterstützung. Immerhin, die chinesische Regierung hat nicht nur ihre Kontrolle über Tibet gestärkt, sondern es auch geschafft die internationale Kritik diesbezüglich zu vermeiden. Das Geduldspiel von Peking und seine unverändert harte tibetische Innenpolitik, sowie die “Wieder-Ausbildungskampagnen”, haben Dalai Lama dazu gezwungen auf den Aufruf für Unabhängigkeit zu verzichten und statt dessen für eine “reale Autonomie” zu plädieren. Dalai Lama und seine Exilregierung formulierten die Politik des Mittleren Weges, die von den Exiltibetern eindeutig unterstützt wurde. Sie erhielt auch einen großen Zuspruch von den westlichen Regierungen, den chinesischen Intellektuellen und den Befürwortern der Demokratie. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt konnte jedoch diese Politik die Regierung in Peking nicht überzeugen. Strategisch gesehen war das Jahrzehnt 1990-2000 eines der günstigsten für das tibetische Volk im Nationalkampf einen großen Schritt nach vorne zu machen und hat sich dadurch eine nähere Erforschung verdient. Diese Dissertation versucht die komplexen Faktoren zu analysieren, die den Chinesisch-Tibetischen Konflikt beeinflusst haben und die riskanten Politiken zu enthüllen – die Politiken des Bevölkerungstransfers und Unterdrückung der Glaubensfreiheit – welche von der chinesischen Regierung innerhalb des Tibetischen Autonomen Region implementiert wurden

    粒子法および衛星画像を用いた土石流災害の定量評価

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    筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

    Book of Abstracts, ACOP2017 : 2nd Asian Conference on Permafrost

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    Embedded Duality in the Implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China

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    학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 환경계획학과, 2017. 2. 윤순진.SEA는 EIA와 관련된 원칙과 방법이 전략적인 단계(정책, 계획 및 기획)에서 사용되는 것이다. (Wood and Dejeddour, 1992)이는 특정 지역의 발전으로 인해 축적된 영향과 간접적인 환경영향을 고려할 수 있다(Briffett and Mackee, 2003). Sadler(1996)는 전 세계적으로 두 가지 EIA 발전의 주요 경향을 제시하였다. 선진국에서 SEA가 정책 이행과정에서의 도입, 개발도상국에서 환경평가에 대한 광범위한 적용이다. 그러나 대부분 SEA에 관한 연구로는 주로 EU와 미국과 같은 선진국에 대해 수행되고 있다. 많은 학자들이 SEA를 개발도상국에 적용하는 것에 관심을 갖고 있지만 선진국과 개발도상국 사이에 적용 상 큰 격차를 보이고 있다. 비록 중국이 전 세계적으로 전략적 환경영향 평가를 도입한 국가 중 하나지만 중국 동서부의 이원화는 선진국과 개발도상국이 차이를 보이는 것과 매우 흡사하다. 중국 동부와 서부는 경제와 사회발전 상의 차이를 보이고 있다. 예를 들어 GDP, 수입, 경제 시장화 및 개방성, 비 국유화 수준, 정부 규모 등이다. 이런 요소들로 인해 서로 다른 정부정책과 정책시행으로 SEA 효과에 영향을 미치고 있다. 이와 같이 국가정책, 역사 및 지리적 원인으로 인한 중국 동서부의 경제와 사회적 이원화에 대해 이미 많은 토론이 있었다. 그러나 동서부의 지역 경제와 사회적 이원화가 환경정책과 환경정책의 시행에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 미비하다. 특히 SEA정책은 기존 연구에서 찾아 보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 SEA가 중국에서 시행되는 과정에서 나타난 차이를 살펴보는 것에 초점을 둔다. 같은 정책과 제도 하에 동서부의 불평등 발전의 차이에서 서부 지역의 SEA실행이 동부 지역과 같이 좋이 못한 이원화 원인에 대해 살펴보고, 어떤 이원화 요인이 중국 동서부의 SEA실행에 영향을 미쳤는지 확인하도록 한다. 심층적 인터뷰와 정부정책을 검토하는 것이 본 연구의 두 주요 연구 방법이다. 정부정책 검토에서 이원화 경제와 사회발전 배경하에 정책제정 과정에서 동서부의 중앙과 지방정부가 환경보호에 대한 관심도에 서로 차이가 있었다. 이는 정부가 계획환경영향평가에 대한 태도와 환경보호 의식 등에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 심층적 인터뷰는 계획환경영향평가의 실행과정과 유력한 수집정보를 보다 전면적이고 자세하게 보여줄 수 있다. 동부의 광둥와 쨩수, 서부의 칭하이와 닝쌰를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과에서 9개 연구에 따르면 동부지역의 계획환경평가에서 현저히 좋은 결과를 보였다. 서부의 지역에서는 현저히 부족과 실행의 장애가 거의 모든 방면에서 나타났다. 예를 들어 경제발전에 대한 과대 평가, 불완전한 지역계획환경평가정책, 지방 환경보호 기관의 작은 권한 등이 있다. 네 가지 주요 요소가 PEIA를 서부 지역에서의 성공적인 실행을 보장해 준다. 또한 동부지역의 PEIA효과는 더욱 정책실행의 영향을 받고, 서부 지역은 PEIA정책의 영향을 더 크게 받는다. PEIA실행 효과는 서부의 비효과적이고 부족한 정책에서 시작된다. 키워드 : 이원화, SEA, PEIA, 실행, 정책 학번 : 2014-30826SEA means using the EIA and its relative principles and methods in the strategic (polices, plans and programmes) level (Wood and Dejeddour, 1992). It has the ability to take account of possible cumulative and induced environmental impacts arising from developments within a defined geographical region (Briffett and Mackee, 2003). Even though two significant trends of EIA development worldwide argued by Sadler (1996) are the emergences of SEA into the decision-making process in developed countries and widespread establishment of EA systems by many developing countries. However, most of the SEA research relates to studying the implementation of SEA in the decision making process in developed countries, especially the EU countries. Despite some authors endeavoring to focus on the practices and framework of SEA in the developing countries, it is easy to identify that the gap between the developed countries and the developing countries is broader, in terms of SEA implementation. Even though China is one of the early countries to introduce the strategic environmental assessment, the duality of western and eastern China is very same with the gap in developing and developed countries. The gaps of eastern and western regions in social and economic development, such as the gap in GDP, incomes, economic marketization and openness, the level of non-nationalization, the scale of government which lead to the different government policies and policy implementation cause the SEA outcomes are different. Even though the duality of eastern and western China in economic and social development that caused by dual national strategies and historical and geological reasons is widely discussed, the duality in environmental policies and environmental policy implementation, especially the SEA policies, of eastern and western regions results from the social and economic development gaps is never mentioned in the previous researches. This research is focused on the implementation gap of SEA in China, due to the unbalanced development of the western and eastern regions that are under the same institutional framework and to answer that what reasons are resulted in the SEA in the western region failing to be implemented as well as in its eastern counterpart and in which respects the duality influences the SEA implementation in western and eastern China. The in-depth interview and reviewing government policies are selected as two main research methods. Government policies review reflects under the background of duality economic and social development, when making environmental policies and SEA policies, both central government and local governments pays different attention of environmental protection, which large influence the further governments attitudes to PEIA, their value of environmental protection etc. and in-depth interview could provides a more complete and detailed picture of the PEIA implementation process that do not have significant causality and provide more relaxed atmosphere in which to collect information. A total of 32 interviewees are integrated from the environmental provincial protection bureau (EPB) and the district environmental protection office (EPO), experts from EIA evaluation institutions, professors of a university, staff from economic development zone committees and the public, who participated in the evaluation process. Four case provinces are selected according the economic and social development criteria. They are Guangdong and Jiangsu in eastern region and Qinghai and Ningxia in western region. The research finds that the eastern region has an obviously better performance in PEIA implementation in the nine aspects discussed in the research, according to both the environmental protection department staff and the SEA institutes staff. The western provinces face significant disadvantages and strong barriers of PEIA implementation in almost all of the items including putting too much value on economic development, imperfect local PEIA policies, the weakness of the power of the voice of the environmental protection departments in government negotiation, weak management of PEIA, less valid public participation and the imperfect public participation forms. Some strong advantages leading to successful PEIA implementation are: give an important value of environmental protection and relative complete local PEIA policies, the financial and human resource and valid public participation. These four elements guarantee successful PEIA implementation in the eastern region and the barriers of the implementation of PEIA in the western region. In addition, the PEIA implementation results in the eastern region are influenced more by policy implementation and the implementation results in the western regions are deeply affected by the policies in the western region. Unlike the successful PEIA implementation outcomes in the eastern region depending either on sufficient policies supporting or good implementation performance, the problems of the PEIA implementation outcomes in the western region are firstly based on less valid and sufficient policies. In addition, it can be seen that the performances of the PEIA implementation in the western region have both the low policy supporting and the PEIA policy implementation and the results coordinate with the imperfect implementation.Chapter one: introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.1.1 From EIA to SEA 1 1.1.2 Duality in western and eastern China 4 1.1.3 Current research gap 7 1.2 Research questions and hypotheses 9 1.3 Research methods 10 1.4 Definition of main concepts 14 1.5 Research scope and framework 15 Chapter two: duality and the dual economic and social development in China 18 2.1 Duality 18 2.1.1 The conception of duality 18 2.1.2 The duality in the west and east in China 23 2.2 The concept of Eastern China and Western China 24 2.3 The main causes of duality 29 2.3.1 Unbalanced national strategies 29 2.3.2 The physical geography and historical reasons 37 2.4 The main expressive forms of duality 41 2.4.1 Economic development standard 43 2.4.2 Economic marketization and openness 46 2.4.3 The gaps in social development 53 Chapter three: dual policies and policy implementation theory 67 3.1 Evaluation framework 67 3.2 The influence of duality on policy making 70 3.2.1 The influence of the duality on policy innovation 72 3.2.2 Public administration and governance 77 3.2.3 Preferential policy competition and industrial transfer 86 3.3 The influence of duality on policy implementation 93 3.3.1 The conception of policy implementation 93 3.3.2 The policy implementation and duality 97 Chapter four:SEA in China 121 4.1 History and practices of SEA 121 4.2 Current SEA system 133 4.2.1 Legislation 133 4.2.2 Coverage of SEA 141 4.2.3 Consideration of alternatives 148 4.2.4 The management of EIA institutes and fees of SEA 151 4.3 SEA process 158 4.3.1 Screening the action 158 4.3.2 Scoping of impacts 170 4.3.3 Preparing and reviewing of SEA report 176 4.3.4 The follow-up evaluation of SEA 189 Chapter five: the embedded duality in SEA implementation 195 5.1 The research organization and case selection 195 5.1.1 The criteria of case selection and case description 195 5.1.2 Economic development zone and economic development zone PEIA 203 5.1.3 The Economic development zone and PEIA in the four provinces 206 5.1.4 Research organization 209 5.2 The dual policies and regulations of environmental management 215 5.2.1 The dual national strategies: Thirteenth five-year plan 215 5.2.2 Industrial transfer strategy and China Western Development 226 5.2.3 The duality environmental policies and regulations 233 5.2.4 The dual environmental protection standards 242 5.2.5 The dual environmental protection mechanisms 245 5.2.6 The dual supporting and management policies and regulations 251 5.3 The dual policies and regulations on SEA 270 5.4 The dual SEA practices: case description and report review 276 5.5 The SEA implementation 286 5.5.1 Different degrees of value of environmental protection 286 5.5.2 Different attitudes of local governments towards PEIA and the process of government negotiation 296 5.5.3 The Different management of SEA institutes, the environmental monitoring quality and the authenticity of monitoring data 308 5.5.4 Different motivation and form of public participation 315 5.5.5 Investment supports of PEIA and human resource support 324 5.5.6 Intervention time, alternatives and administrative misbehaviors penalty in the PEIA process 335 5.6 Summary of PEIA implementation 355 Chapter six: conclusion 367 Reference 373Docto

    China Emissions Accounts and Low-Carbon Development in Cities

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    China, the world’s second-largest economy, has witnessed a miracle in its economic growth. With lifestyle changes and rapid economic growth in China, China’s CO2 emissions have tripled during the past decades. China is now the world leading energy consumer and CO2 emitter. China is playing an increasingly important role in global emissions reduction and climate change mitigation. The accurate account of CO2 emissions is the foundation of any emission analysis and further reduction actions. However, there are no official published emission inventories in China. All the previous studies calculated China’s emissions by themselves, making the emissions inconsistent and incomparable with each other. The first part of this PhD thesis compiles the time-series Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) territorial CO2 emission inventories for China and its provinces from 1997 to 2015. The multi-scale emissions inventories are constructed in a uniform format (by 46 socioeconomic sectors and 17 fossil fuels). An open-access database “ceads.net” is built based on this PhD study. CEADs is the first open-access emission database providing self-consistent and transparent data for China. Chapter 4 finds that the total CO2 emissions of China increased rapidly during the past 16 years with an average increase of 7.8% per year. The emissions peaked in 2013, at 9,534 million tonnes (Mt). The detailed analysis of the CO2 emissions by sectors and fossil fuel sources finds that coal-related fuels and the manufacturing sectors, especially the “power and heat”, are the primary contributor to the national emissions. Chapter 4 also examines the per capita CO2 emissions and the emission intensity of China. The results show that the per capita emissions increased quickly from 2.4 (2000) to 6.7 (2015) tonnes, while the emission intensity keeps decreasing during the period. Both comparison and Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses are conducted to China’s emissions. The result shows that the uncertainties of the national CO2 emissions are roughly (-15%, 25%) at a 97.5% confidential level. Similar analyses are conducted at the provincial level in Chapter 4 as well. The results show that Shandong emitted the most CO2 cumulatively among the 30 provinces, followed by Hebei, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Henan. The fossil fuel and sector-specific analysis of the provincial CO2 emissions describe detailed emissions of each province. The per capita emissions and emission intensities of each province are also presented in this study. In order to have a better understanding of China’s CO2 emissions, Chapter 5 provides further analysis of emission characteristics of the lime industry and petroleum coke for the first time. The lime industry is the second largest process-related emission contributor followed by the cement. The results show that, in 2012, the process-related CO2 emissions in China’s lime production accounted for 141.72 Mt, while the electricity and fossil fuel-related emissions accounted for 55.95 and 4.42 (Mt) respectively. Further discussions of the reduction policy recommendations of China’s lime industry are presented in this study based on the economic and environmental assessment of different lime kilns. As for the petroleum coke consumption, its combustion produced 26.2 Mt CO2, 807 tonnes CH4, and 137 tonnes N2O in 2014. The petroleum coke-related emissions are increasing fast. During the past five years, its emissions increased by 87%, which is remarkably high compared to the 19.4% growth rate of total CO2 emissions in China. Considering the petroleum coke is a dirty and un-environmental friendly fossil fuel type, the quick growth of petroleum coke consumption should be of serious concern to the government. Further to the national and provincial emission inventories, Chapter 7 examines the CO2 emissions from Tibet and its cities. This is the first study to quantify Tibet’s emissions. The results show that Tibet emitted a total of 5.52 Mt of CO2 related to fossil fuel combustion and cement production in 2014. The per capita and emission intensity of Tibet are much lower than the national average level. The city-level analysis shows that over half of Tibet’s CO2 emissions are induced in Lhasa city. The second part of this PhD thesis examines the CO2 emissions from Chinese cities and discusses the possible low-carbon development pathways of cities at different industrialisation and development stages. Being the basic units for human activities and major contributors to emissions, cities are major components in the implementation of climate change mitigation and CO2 emission reduction policies. Increasing attention is now being paid to city-level emission reduction and climate change mitigation in China. Chapter 3 firstly develops a series of methods to compile CO2 emission inventories for Chinese cities with different data availabilities. The emission inventories of cities are constructed with the consistent scope and uniform with the national and provincial emission inventories calculated above. Chapter 6 then applies the methods to examine emissions characteristics in 182 cities. The results show that the top-emitting cities represent a disproportionately large fraction of the total emissions from the 182 cities. The top five emitting cities (Tangshan, Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanyang, and Chongqing) accounts for 11% of the total emissions. More high-emitting cities can be found in northern and eastern China compared with other regions. Chapter 6 further applies the cluster analysis to cluster the 182 case cities into five groups with distinct pillar industries describing their different industrialisation stages and development pathways. The results find that there is labour division among Chinese cities, the most developed cities (service-based and high-tech industry cities) are supported by nearby manufacturing cities. In turn, the manufacturing cities are supported by nearby energy production centres. In this way, different cities should have different low-carbon roadmaps designed based on their current industrialisation stages and development pathways. Chapter 6 also finds that efficiency gains could be a practical and effective way to reduce CO2 emissions. The sectoral-based calculation of the cities’ emission reduction capacities via technical improvements show that up 31% of the 182 cities’ emissions can be reduced if the strongest reduction strategies been applied. The results suggest that China’s near-term goals of reducing its emissions intensity may be feasibly accomplished by targeted technological improvements, buying time for the longer-term strategies of shifting to non-fossil energy and a more service-based economy. Moreover, improving and optimizing the energy and carbon efficiency of industrial production processes and operations could help lower the costs of advanced technologies and thus facilitate their deployment in less-developed cities and countries beyond China. This PhD study has great real-world significance and has filled in several research gaps in China’s emission accounts and cities’ low-carbon development. The research also provides solid and robust data support for future academic research on China’s emission topics and emission reductions policy-making in China. First of all, this PhD study provides the first open-access China emission database providing the multi-scale CO2 emission inventories. Secondly, this PhD study analyses the detailed emission characteristics of China, its provinces, and cities, as well selected key industries. Specific and efficient emission control policies targeting the major emission sources are discussed based on the analysis. Also, based on the city-level emission accounts, this PhD study analyses the low-carbon roadmaps for cities at different industrialisation stages and development pathways. Furthermore, considering the wide ranges of Chinese cities’ industrialisation maturity, the cross-section analysis of China’s cities may disclose the emissions characteristics of the whole industrialisation process. The emission reduction roadmaps designed in this study for cities at different industrialisation stages also provide references for other developing countries at similar stages of industrialisation

    Tradition and Innovation in Construction Project Management

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    This book is a reprint of the Special Issue 'Tradition and Innovation in Construction Project Management' that was published in the journal Buildings
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