10,524 research outputs found

    Security and Privacy Problems in Voice Assistant Applications: A Survey

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    Voice assistant applications have become omniscient nowadays. Two models that provide the two most important functions for real-life applications (i.e., Google Home, Amazon Alexa, Siri, etc.) are Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models and Speaker Identification (SI) models. According to recent studies, security and privacy threats have also emerged with the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT). The security issues researched include attack techniques toward machine learning models and other hardware components widely used in voice assistant applications. The privacy issues include technical-wise information stealing and policy-wise privacy breaches. The voice assistant application takes a steadily growing market share every year, but their privacy and security issues never stopped causing huge economic losses and endangering users' personal sensitive information. Thus, it is important to have a comprehensive survey to outline the categorization of the current research regarding the security and privacy problems of voice assistant applications. This paper concludes and assesses five kinds of security attacks and three types of privacy threats in the papers published in the top-tier conferences of cyber security and voice domain.Comment: 5 figure

    Integrative multi-omics analysis for the effect of genetic alterations in cancer xenograft and organoid models

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    Department of Biomedical EngineeringDNA damage is a well-recognized factor in the development and progression of cancer. Numerous studies on genetic changes associated with cancer or the DNA repair pathway have been conducted, however, there is still a need for additional research on their function. The establishment of patient-derived xenografts or organoids for the purpose of testing functional genomic approaches is the subject of ongoing research. According to model-specific characteristics, it is not fully understood how these attempts to simulate patient cancer differ from original cancer. To comprehend the distinction between genuine patient cancer and these patient-derived disease models in more depth, multi-omics analysis is required to comprehend the overall genotypes, phenotypes, and environmental variables. Depending on the characteristics of each disease model, distinct omics analysis approaches and factors must be considered. In addition, care must be taken to avoid technical errors when integrating omics data generated by different sequencing equipment. There is currently no golden rule for data integration, but several approaches are being developed. It is crucial to determine the function of genes linked with the DNA repair pathway because these genes contribute to the induction or prevention of cancer. In chapter 1, I identified the interaction between MRE11 and TRIP13 through proximity labeling combined with the SILAC method which is quantitative proteomics using metabolic labeling. TRIP13 depletion doesn???t affect the nuclease activity and conformation of the MRN complex but directly inhibits the interaction of MDC1 with MRN complex and MDC1 recruitment on the DNA damage site. TRIP13 degradation with mirin treatment shows additive effects on ATM signaling activation. In conclusion, TRIP13 regulates immediate-early DNA damage sensing through MRE11 and ATM signaling independently of mirin. When assessing the functional genomic approach using patient-derived disease models, it is essential to determine which aspects of the models' correlation to actual cancer should be properly considered. In chapter 2, I found there are a few overlapped deleterious somatic mutations of the PDX model and their original tumor. I suspected novel mutagen exposure during PDX establishment or sample contamination. However, germline mutations of PDX models are well conserved from original tumors, and their mutational signatures of PDX also mimic that of their tumor. Though the number of overlapped mutations between the PDX model and their tumor was few, brain tumor-specific mutations are found in PDX samples. Especially, histone methylation- and cilia-related gene mutations are enriched in PDX samples. While it suggested these mutated genes are needed for maintaining the stemness of brain tumor PDX model or PDX model would be more appropriate for the samples with high heterogeneity, I have presented precautions and considerations in PDX model genome analysis. Multi-omics analysis that takes into consideration genetic, expressive, and clinical aspects can provide important information for the study of diseases with complicated etiologies, such as cancer, and can contribute to the development of diagnosis and treatment. To utilize colorectal cancer organoids for Companion Diagnostics (CDx), in chapter 3, I characterized patient-derived colorectal cancer (CRC) organoids through well-known genomic markers such as Tumor mutation burden (TMB), Microsatellite instability (MSI) and propose a novel grouping method using sharing same mutation site. The classification of CRC patients was more detailed combined with consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classifications. Additionally, I extract the expression features of the patients who experience recurrence or metastasis after first-line chemotherapy treatment with reference to clinical data. Drug response of CRC organoids by patient group and knockdown of the extracted features in the selected organoids would be validated in further study. In summary, with this dissertation, I conducted functional research on the DNA repair pathway of cancer-related genes, as well as the genetic analysis between patient-derived xenograft and original tumors, and introduced a novel perspective on the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer patients using patient-derived organoids through multi-omics analysis.ope

    Examples of works to practice staccato technique in clarinet instrument

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    Klarnetin staccato tekniğini güçlendirme aşamaları eser çalışmalarıyla uygulanmıştır. Staccato geçişlerini hızlandıracak ritim ve nüans çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli amacı sadece staccato çalışması değil parmak-dilin eş zamanlı uyumunun hassasiyeti üzerinde de durulmasıdır. Staccato çalışmalarını daha verimli hale getirmek için eser çalışmasının içinde etüt çalışmasına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmaların üzerinde titizlikle durulması staccato çalışmasının ilham verici etkisi ile müzikal kimliğe yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Sekiz özgün eser çalışmasının her aşaması anlatılmıştır. Her aşamanın bir sonraki performans ve tekniği güçlendirmesi esas alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada staccato tekniğinin hangi alanlarda kullanıldığı, nasıl sonuçlar elde edildiği bilgisine yer verilmiştir. Notaların parmak ve dil uyumu ile nasıl şekilleneceği ve nasıl bir çalışma disiplini içinde gerçekleşeceği planlanmıştır. Kamış-nota-diyafram-parmak-dil-nüans ve disiplin kavramlarının staccato tekniğinde ayrılmaz bir bütün olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada literatür taraması yapılarak staccato ile ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda klarnet tekniğin de kullanılan staccato eser çalışmasının az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Metot taramasında da etüt çalışmasının daha çok olduğu saptanmıştır. Böylelikle klarnetin staccato tekniğini hızlandırma ve güçlendirme çalışmaları sunulmuştur. Staccato etüt çalışmaları yapılırken, araya eser çalışmasının girmesi beyni rahatlattığı ve istekliliği daha arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Staccato çalışmasını yaparken doğru bir kamış seçimi üzerinde de durulmuştur. Staccato tekniğini doğru çalışmak için doğru bir kamışın dil hızını arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Doğru bir kamış seçimi kamıştan rahat ses çıkmasına bağlıdır. Kamış, dil atma gücünü vermiyorsa daha doğru bir kamış seçiminin yapılması gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Staccato çalışmalarında baştan sona bir eseri yorumlamak zor olabilir. Bu açıdan çalışma, verilen müzikal nüanslara uymanın, dil atış performansını rahatlattığını ortaya koymuştur. Gelecek nesillere edinilen bilgi ve birikimlerin aktarılması ve geliştirici olması teşvik edilmiştir. Çıkacak eserlerin nasıl çözüleceği, staccato tekniğinin nasıl üstesinden gelinebileceği anlatılmıştır. Staccato tekniğinin daha kısa sürede çözüme kavuşturulması amaç edinilmiştir. Parmakların yerlerini öğrettiğimiz kadar belleğimize de çalışmaların kaydedilmesi önemlidir. Gösterilen azmin ve sabrın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yapıt başarıyı daha da yukarı seviyelere çıkaracaktır

    Deep Transfer Learning Applications in Intrusion Detection Systems: A Comprehensive Review

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    Globally, the external Internet is increasingly being connected to the contemporary industrial control system. As a result, there is an immediate need to protect the network from several threats. The key infrastructure of industrial activity may be protected from harm by using an intrusion detection system (IDS), a preventive measure mechanism, to recognize new kinds of dangerous threats and hostile activities. The most recent artificial intelligence (AI) techniques used to create IDS in many kinds of industrial control networks are examined in this study, with a particular emphasis on IDS-based deep transfer learning (DTL). This latter can be seen as a type of information fusion that merge, and/or adapt knowledge from multiple domains to enhance the performance of the target task, particularly when the labeled data in the target domain is scarce. Publications issued after 2015 were taken into account. These selected publications were divided into three categories: DTL-only and IDS-only are involved in the introduction and background, and DTL-based IDS papers are involved in the core papers of this review. Researchers will be able to have a better grasp of the current state of DTL approaches used in IDS in many different types of networks by reading this review paper. Other useful information, such as the datasets used, the sort of DTL employed, the pre-trained network, IDS techniques, the evaluation metrics including accuracy/F-score and false alarm rate (FAR), and the improvement gained, were also covered. The algorithms, and methods used in several studies, or illustrate deeply and clearly the principle in any DTL-based IDS subcategory are presented to the reader

    Desenvolvimento de testes genéticos por PCR em tempo-real para diagnóstico rápido de LHON e surdez

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    Mitochondrial cytopathies are a set of diseases caused by a disturbance in the cell energy production. Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs efficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and ATP production, affecting the organism’s energetic equilibrium. Pathogenic sequence variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that lead to these pathologies are more frequent in tissues that need higher energy levels to function. The presented work looks into two such diseases: Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and mitochondrial non-syndromic Hearing Loss (MNSHL). LHON is characterized by presence of genetic alterations in mtDNA, with three main primary pathogenic sequence variants existing, which represent 90-95% of LHON cases with an identified genetic cause: m.3460G>A, in ND1 subunit gene; m.11778G>A, in ND4 subunit gene; and m.14484T>C, in ND6 subunit gene. All of these are subunits of the MRC’s complex I. These mtDNA variations lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in complex I, creating ATP depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and oxidative stress. LHON is commonly characterized by a sequential vision loss and, within 1 year of symptoms starting, 97% of patients with vision loss in one eye develop loss in the second. Therapy administration yields good outcomes, if done in a short-time span after first vision loss. It is essential to quickly and reliably scan for pathogenic sequence variants, in order to act timely and rescue function. Mitochondrial non-syndromic hearing loss and deafness (MNSHL) is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This type of hearing loss, particularly when induced by aminoglycosides, has also three primary pathogenic sequence variants associated with ototoxicity: m.1494C>T and m.1555A>G, both in the MTRNR1 gene, and m.7445A>G, in the MTCO1 and MTTS1 genes. These are responsible for ATP depletion, an increase of ROS and oxidative stress, due to alterations in the mitochondrial ribosome or tRNA. In MNSHL, the cochlea is the affected tissue. With this disorder the principal modifier factor is the administration of aminoglycosides, a type of antibiotics, which trigger a cascade, that leads the individual permanently deaf. The best course of action is prevention, and to ensure clinical action is not dramatically slowed down, results that show whether administration is safe or not need to be quick. The aim of this work, for both diseases, is the development of a screening method characterized by fast and reliable approach for genetic assessment, to be used for clinical guidance, particularly in therapeutics. For LHON, the screening method is based on real-time PCR with High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis, for detection of the TOP-3 pathogenic sequence variants, by assessing the amplicon’s Tm. In this case, 94 samples were analyzed, including LHON suspected patients, relatives, other mitochondrial disease patients and healthy controls. All samples were previously classified by another method, having then been blinded before the performance of this work. For analysis, Real-Time PCR was run in triplicates, to allow for a more robust HRM analysis. The software had the ability to classify samples as different variants, wild-type or mutant; information which was then crossed with the previous classification of the sample to assess the success of the software classification. Samples were correctly assigned. This approach provides results in a quick fashion that guides clinical action in a timely fashion. The presence of other polymorphisms in the amplicons might be a hindrance to the robustness of the results provided by this technique and their effect on variant classification needs to be considered. For this, a predictive in-silico analysis was performed, regarding all described variants’ presence in the sequences in analysis. Accordingly, an additional complementary method may be necessary for assurance of result’s specificity. For MNSHL, the screening method was also real-time PCR based, but this one was performed with Amplification-Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) primers, designed for the pathogenic sequence variants previously associated in literature for the MNSHL. Discrimination of results was done based on amplification in positive cases and lack of it in negative cases. This approach analyzed 32 samples, including MNSHL suspected patients, their relatives, other mitochondrial disease patients and healthy controls, but only results concerning the m.1555A>G were obtained timely. All samples were previously classified by another method, having then been blinded before performance of this work. For optimization, Real-Time PCR was run in duplicates, to increase robustness of analysis. The Real-Time software showed if samples amplified as wild-type or mutant, with classification following. This data was crossed with previous known classification of the samples to assess the success of the approach. All analyzed samples were correctly identified with this approach. However, two of the three pathogenic sequence variants did not achieve implementation within the timeframe necessary for their inclusion, namely m.1494C>T and m.7445A>G. The optimization of their screening was not possible and further work is necessary to optimize and implement the approach concerning the analysis for these variants. In conclusion, it was possible to implement an analysis method for LHON’s TOP-3 pathogenic sequence variants within 24h, which represents a big step in precision medicine for diagnosis of this disease. On the other hand, although the implementation was not concluded, a similar approach was started for MNSHL – that, when concluded, will have an enormous impact in preventing aminoglycoside induced HL. This work represents a high impact scientific contribution in reverse translational research.As citopatias mitocondriais são um conjunto de doenças causadas por um distúrbio na produção de energia celular. A disfunção mitocondrial prejudica a eficiência da cadeia respiratória mitocondrial (CRM) e a produção de ATP, afetando o equilíbrio energético do organismo. As variações de sequência patogénicas no DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) que levam a estas patologias são mais frequentes em tecidos que necessitam de maiores níveis de energia para funcionar. O presente trabalho explora duas dessas doenças: Neuropatia ótica hereditária de Leber (LHON) e Surdez mitocondrial induzida por aminoglicosídeos. A LHON é caracterizada pela presença de alterações genéticas do mtDNA, existindo três variações de sequência patogénicas primárias principais, que representam 90-95% de casos de LHON com identificação da causa genética: m.3460G>A, no gene que codifica a subunidade ND1; m.11778G>A, no gene que codifica a subunidade ND4; e m.14484T>C, no gene que codifica a subunidade ND6. Todas estas subunidades pertencem ao complexo I da CRM. Estas alterações no mtDNA levam a disfunção mitocondrial no complexo I, criando depleção de ATP, aumento de espécies reativas de oxigénio (ROS) e stresse oxidativo. A LHON é comummente caracterizada pela perda sequencial de visão e, 1 ano após o início dos sintomas, 97% dos casos com perda de visão num olho desenvolvem perda de visão no segundo. A administração de terapia produz bons resultados, quando realizada num curto período de tempo após a primeira perda de visão. Assim, é essencial pesquisar variações de sequência patogénicas genéticas de forma rápida e fiável, para atuar rapidamente e recuperar a função visual. A Surdez mitocondrial não-sindrómica (MNSHL), em particular a induzida por aminoglicosídeos, tem também três mutações principais associadas à perda de audição: m.1494C>T e m.1555A>G, ambas no gene MTRNR1, e m.7445A>G, nos genes MTCO1 e MTTS1. Estas são responsáveis pela depleção de ATP, aumento de ROS e stresse oxidativo, devido a alterações no ribossoma ou no tRNA mitocondrial. Aqui, o tecido afetado é a cóclea. Nesta doença, o fator modificador em destaque é a administração de antibióticos de tipo aminoglicosídeos, que despoletam uma cascata de acontecimentos, levando à surdez permanente. A melhor estratégia passa pela prevenção, enquanto ao mesmo tempo se garante que a ação clínica não sofre atrasos. Desta forma, são necessários resultados rápidos, que demonstrem se a administração será segura ou não. O objetivo deste trabalho, para ambas as doenças, é o desenvolvimento de um método de screening, caracterizado por uma abordagem rápida e fiável, usado para guiar a decisão clínica, particularmente na terapêutica. Para a LHON, o método de screening é baseado em PCR em tempo-real com análise de High-Resolution Melting (HRM), para deteção das variantes patogénicas TOP-3, avaliando as Tm dos amplicons. Neste caso, foram analisadas 94 amostras, incluindo doentes com suspeita de LHON, familiares, outros doentes com suspeita de outra doença mitocondrial e controlos saudáveis. Todas as amostras foram previamente classificadas por outro método, tendo sido sujeitas a anonimização antes da realização do trabalho. Para a análise, a PCR em tempo-real foi realizada em triplicados, para permitir uma análise de HRM mais robusta. O software teve a capacidade de classificar amostras como diferentes variantes, ou seja, normal ou mutante. Esta informação foi cruzada com as classificações previamente existentes para avaliar o sucesso da classificação pelo software. As amostras foram corretamente classificadas. Esta abordagem fornece resultados de forma rápida, podendo guiar a ação clínica em tempo útil. A presença de outros polimorfismos nos amplicons poderão obstruir a robustez dos resultados fornecidos por esta técnica e o seu efeito na classificação de variantes precisa de ser considerado. Por esta razão, foi realizada uma análise de previsão in-silico, considerando a presença de todas as variantes descritas. Nesse sentido, pode ser necessário um método complementar de análise para assegurar a especificidade dos resultados. Para a Surdez mitocondrial não-sindrómica, o método de screening baseou-se também na PCR em tempo-real, mas foi realizada com primers de Amplification-Refractory mutation system (ARMS), desenhados para as variantes de sequência patogénicas associadas à MNSHL induzida por aminoglicosídeos, previamente descritas na literatura para esta doença. A discriminação de resultados foi feita com base na presença/ausência de amplificação para cada variante. Foram analisadas 32 amostras com esta abordagem, incluindo doentes com suspeita de MNSHL, seus familiares, doentes com suspeita de outra doença mitocondrial e controlos saudáveis, mas apenas foram obtidos resultados em tempo útil para a m.1555A>G. Todas as amostras tinham sido previamente classificadas por outro método, tendo sido anonimizadas antes da realização do trabalho. Para a otimização, a PCR em tempo-real foi realizada em duplicados, aumentando a robustez da análise. O software de tempo-real mostrou quais as amostras que amplificaram como normais ou mutantes, permitindo a classificação das mesmas. Os dados foram comparados com as classificações previamente conhecidas, para avaliar o sucesso da abordagem em estudo. Todas as amostras em análise foram corretamente identificadas. No entanto, duas das três variantes patogénicas não foram implementadas em tempo útil para inclusão neste trabalho. Para a m.1494C>T e a m.7445A>G, a otimização não foi possível, e será necessário trabalho adicional no futuro, para a implementação da análise destas variantes. Em conclusão, foi possível implementar um método da análise das variantes genéticas TOP-3 da LHON em 24h, o que representa um grande passo na medicina de precisão para diagnóstico desta doença. Por outro lado, apesar de não ter sido concluída a implementação, iniciou-se uma abordagem semelhante para a MNSHL – que, quando for concluída, terá um enorme impacto para evitar a perda auditiva por exposição a aminoglicosídeos. Este trabalho representa uma contribuição científica de alto impacto na investigação translacional reversa.O Laboratório de Biomedicina Mitocondrial e Teranóstica recebeu apoio financeiro da Santhera Pharmaceuticals que permitiu implementação do projeto nacional “Investigação Translacional Epidemiológica, Bigenómica e Funcional nas Atrofias Ópticas” (IP Professora Doutora Manuela Grazina). Apoio financeiro do CNC.IBILI no âmbito do Plano Estratégico UID/NEU/04539/2019.Mestrado em Biologia Aplicad

    The Impact of a Play Intervention on the Social-Emotional Development of Preschool Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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    Practitioners working with children have emphasized that play is vital to children’s development, Links between children’s social-emotional development and play have been widely documented. However, rigorous research evidence of these links remains limited. This study’s objectives were to measure the impact of play on children’s social-emotional development in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia; identify teachers’ viewpoints around the use of play intervention; and understand the children’s experience of play intervention. Fifty-nine children aged between five and six years, with mean age of 5.5 (SD 3.376) and eight teachers participated in the study. The study used a mixed-method strategy including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Children’s social-emotional development was measured by using the Strengths and Difficulties Questioner (SDQ). A pre-/post-test counterbalanced design was used to measure the impact of the play intervention on children’s development. Teachers’ perspectives on play were obtained by interviewing eight teachers. Children’s views were gathered through focus group discussions. Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine the differences in the SDQ score over three time points. Results showed that using unstructured loose parts play had positively impacted children’s social-emotional development. After participation in the play intervention, scores from the SDQ indicated that children demonstrated significantly less problematic emotional, conduct and peer relationship issues. They also scored significantly higher in their positive prosocial behaviour. These positive effects were sustained after six weeks of stopping the intervention. The play intervention did not however impact children’s hyperactivity level. The interviews analysis illustrates four main themes: concept and characteristics of play, play functions, developmental benefits of play, and play and practice. Regarding children’s discussion, affordance emerged as a main theme; this includes emotional, social, and functional affordances. Unstructured loose parts play intervention was demonstrated to have positive impacts on children’s social-emotional development. The study’s findings support the view that play is a way to increase children’s development

    Chinese Benteng Women’s Participation in Local Development Affairs in Indonesia: Appropriate means for struggle and a pathway to claim citizen’ right?

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    It had been more than two decades passing by aftermath the devastating Asia’s Financial Crisis in 1997, subsequently followed by Suharto’s step down from his presidential throne which he occupied for more than three decades. The financial turmoil turned to a political disaster furthermore has led to massive looting that severely impacted Indonesians of Chinese descendant, including unresolved mystery of the most atrocious sexual violation against women and covert killings of students and democracy activists in this country. Since then, precisely aftermath May 1998, which publicly known as “Reformasi”1, Indonesia underwent political reform that eventually corresponded positively to its macroeconomic growth. Twenty years later, in 2018, Indonesia captured worldwide attention because it has successfully hosted two internationally renowned events, namely the Asian Games 2018 – the most prestigious sport events in Asia – conducted in Jakarta and Palembang; and the IMF/World Bank Annual Meeting 2018 in Bali. Particularly in the IMF/World Bank Annual Meeting, this event has significantly elevated Indonesia’s credibility and international prestige in the global economic powerplay as one of the nations with promising growth and openness. However, the narrative about poverty and inequality, including increasing racial tension, religious conservatism, and sexual violation against women are superseded by friendly climate for foreign investment and eventually excessive glorification of the nation’s economic growth. By portraying the image of promising new economic power, as rhetorically promised by President Joko Widodo during his presidential terms, Indonesia has swept the growing inequality in this highly stratified society that historically compounded with religious and racial tension under the carpet of digital economy.Arte y Humanidade

    Graphical scaffolding for the learning of data wrangling APIs

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    In order for students across the sciences to avail themselves of modern data streams, they must first know how to wrangle data: how to reshape ill-organised, tabular data into another format, and how to do this programmatically, in languages such as Python and R. Despite the cross-departmental demand and the ubiquity of data wrangling in analytical workflows, the research on how to optimise the instruction of it has been minimal. Although data wrangling as a programming domain presents distinctive challenges - characterised by on-the-fly syntax lookup and code example integration - it also presents opportunities. One such opportunity is how tabular data structures are easily visualised. To leverage the inherent visualisability of data wrangling, this dissertation evaluates three types of graphics that could be employed as scaffolding for novices: subgoal graphics, thumbnail graphics, and parameter graphics. Using a specially built e-learning platform, this dissertation documents a multi-institutional, randomised, and controlled experiment that investigates the pedagogical effects of these. Our results indicate that the graphics are well-received, that subgoal graphics boost the completion rate, and that thumbnail graphics improve navigability within a command menu. We also obtained several non-significant results, and indications that parameter graphics are counter-productive. We will discuss these findings in the context of general scaffolding dilemmas, and how they fit into a wider research programme on data wrangling instruction

    A mixed-methods study on L2 motivation of Korean junior college English major students

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    Korea is an EFL context where instrumentality overpowers integrativeness for college entrance or employment because English is mainly considered a school or test subject. Integrativeness might be replaceable due to its inadequacy of explaining how L2 learners integrate into a certain L2 community in the globalized world. Thus, Dörnyei (2005, 2009a) developed the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) that could encompass both integrativeness and instrumentality as in the ideal L2 self. The L2MSS is a future-oriented tripartite framework to comprise the ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self, and L2 learning experience. There might be fluctuations or even surges in L2 motivation, which the new model has gained validity in its dynamic nature and imagery capacity (Dörnyei, 2010b). Thus, this study attempted to discover the dynamics of L2 motivation employing L2MSS as the main framework. Nevertheless, Korean learners of English could learn English without their L2 motivation (Kim, T.-Y., 2012b). This trend might go until or after tertiary education. Also, there has been academic elitism, hakbul, in Korea, to distinguish four-year universities and two- or three-year junior colleges, which are frequently considered second-choice or failure. Thus, this study explored junior college students, especially those majoring in English, who were studied less than four-year university students. Assuming junior college English major students’ L2 motivation is unique on their own, a longitudinal mixed-methods case study will be employed using the L2MSS. 189 students participated in the online questionnaire administration, followed by interviews with 59 and 31 students and five professors. The participants showed some L2 motivation with Korea-specific tendencies in that there was intense pressure for the future. Most significantly, there were weak ideal L2 self, strong ought-to L2 self, and universal concept of instrumentality (promotion). Therefore, this study offers pedagogical implications to complement their current L2 learning and motivation
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