20,552 research outputs found
International Law and Policy Considerations for Shipping\u27s Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation
This report investigates the international law and policy challenges to the determination of the international shipping industry\u27s contribution to climate change mitigation efforts through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations and the competent intergovernmental organization with respect to shipping in international law. The report sets out the international legal framework that serves as context for the IMO efforts, the challenge of regulating greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and the process and issues in determining the industry\u27s \u27fair share\u27 of mitigation efforts and potential legal pathways. The report concludes with general, policy and legal considerations that have a bearing on the current and possible future directions of the nascent IMO strategy and potential legal pathways
ASEAN: perspectives on economic integration: ASEAN capital market integration: issues and challenges
I am grateful for the assistance of Kaleon Leong and Chong Wui Jean in the preparation of this paper. The paper draws on the work of the ASEAN Integration plan and other related papers for which the author gratefully acknowledges. The views expressed in the paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Securities Commission
Shipping and Climate Change: International Law and Policy Considerations
This report investigates the international law and policy challenges to the determination of the international shipping industry\u27s contribution to climate change mitigation efforts through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations and the competent intergovernmental organization with respect to shipping in international law. The report sets out the international legal framework that serves as context for the IMO efforts, the challenge of regulating greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and the process and issues in determining the industry\u27s \u27fair share\u27 of mitigation efforts and potential legal pathways. The report concludes with general, policy and legal considerations that have a bearing on the current and possible future directions of the nascent IMO strategy and potential legal pathways
Best Effort and Practice Activation Codes
Activation Codes are used in many different digital services and known by
many different names including voucher, e-coupon and discount code. In this
paper we focus on a specific class of ACs that are short, human-readable,
fixed-length and represent value. Even though this class of codes is
extensively used there are no general guidelines for the design of Activation
Code schemes. We discuss different methods that are used in practice and
propose BEPAC, a new Activation Code scheme that provides both authenticity and
confidentiality. The small message space of activation codes introduces some
problems that are illustrated by an adaptive chosen-plaintext attack (CPA-2) on
a general 3-round Feis- tel network of size 2^(2n) . This attack recovers the
complete permutation from at most 2^(n+2) plaintext-ciphertext pairs. For this
reason, BEPAC is designed in such a way that authenticity and confidentiality
are in- dependent properties, i.e. loss of confidentiality does not imply loss
of authenticity.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, TrustBus 201
Doing Business in South Africa
[Excerpt] This brochure illustrates important features of doing business in South Africa. The legal system within which business operates is closely based on overseas, particularly English, models. The concepts and rules will be familiar to overseas investors and trading partners
The EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme: A Prototype Global System?
Abstract and PDF report are also available on the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://globalchange.mit.edu/).The European Union's Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the world's first multinational cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gases. As an agreement between sovereign nations with diverse historical, institutional, and economic circumstances, it can be seen as a prototype for an eventual global climate regime. Interestingly, the problems that are often seen as dooming a global trading system — international financial flows and institutional readiness — haven't appeared in the EU ETS, at least not yet. The more serious problems that emerge from the brief experience of the EU ETS are those of (1) developing a central coordinating organization, (2) devising side benefits to encourage participation, and (3) dealing with the interrelated issues of harmonization, differentiation, and stringency. The pre-existing organizational structure and membership benefits of the European Union provided convenient and almost accidental solutions to the need for a central institution and side benefits, but these solutions will not work on a global scale and there are no obvious substitutes. Furthermore, the EU ETS is only beginning to test the practicality of harmonizing allocations within the trading system, differentiating responsibilities among participants, and increasing the stringency of emissions caps. The trial period of the EU ETS punted on these problems, as was appropriate for a trial period, but they are now being addressed seriously. From a global perspective, the answers that are being worked out in Europe will say a great deal about what will be feasible on a broader, global scale.This study received support from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, which is funded by a consortium of government, industry and foundation sponsors
Sustainable Development Report: Blockchain, the Web3 & the SDGs
This is an output paper of the applied research that was conducted between July 2018 - October 2019 funded by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and conducted by the Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and RCE Vienna (Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development).Series: Working Paper Series / Institute for Cryptoeconomics / Interdisciplinary Researc
Sustainable Development Report: Blockchain, the Web3 & the SDGs
This is an output paper of the applied research that was conducted between July 2018 - October 2019 funded by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and conducted by the Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and RCE Vienna (Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development).Series: Working Paper Series / Institute for Cryptoeconomics / Interdisciplinary Researc
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