7 research outputs found

    Statistical modeling of polarimetric SAR data: a survey and challenges

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    Knowledge of the exact statistical properties of the signal plays an important role in the applications of Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) data. In the last three decades, a considerable research effort has been devoted to finding accurate statistical models for PolSAR data, and a number of distributions have been proposed. In order to see the differences of various models and to make a comparison among them, a survey is provided in this paper. Texture models, which could capture the non-Gaussian behavior observed in high resolution data, and yet keep a compact mathematical form, are mainly explained. Probability density functions for the single look data and the multilook data are reviewed, as well as the advantages and applicable context of those models. As a summary, challenges in the area of statistical analysis of PolSAR data are also discussed.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    The SAR Handbook: Comprehensive Methodologies for Forest Monitoring and Biomass Estimation

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    This Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) handbook of applied methods for forest monitoring and biomass estimation has been developed by SERVIR in collaboration with SilvaCarbon to address pressing needs in the development of operational forest monitoring services. Despite the existence of SAR technology with all-weather capability for over 30 years, the applied use of this technology for operational purposes has proven difficult. This handbook seeks to provide understandable, easy-to-assimilate technical material to remote sensing specialists that may not have expertise on SAR but are interested in leveraging SAR technology in the forestry sector

    Microwave Indices from Active and Passive Sensors for Remote Sensing Applications

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    Past research has comprehensively assessed the capabilities of satellite sensors operating at microwave frequencies, both active (SAR, scatterometers) and passive (radiometers), for the remote sensing of Earth’s surface. Besides brightness temperature and backscattering coefficient, microwave indices, defined as a combination of data collected at different frequencies and polarizations, revealed a good sensitivity to hydrological cycle parameters such as surface soil moisture, vegetation water content, and snow depth and its water equivalent. The differences between microwave backscattering and emission at more frequencies and polarizations have been well established in relation to these parameters, enabling operational retrieval algorithms based on microwave indices to be developed. This Special Issue aims at providing an overview of microwave signal capabilities in estimating the main land parameters of the hydrological cycle, e.g., soil moisture, vegetation water content, and snow water equivalent, on both local and global scales, with a particular focus on the applications of microwave indices

    Ground, Proximal, and Satellite Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture

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    Soil moisture (SM) is a key hydrologic state variable that is of significant importance for numerous Earth and environmental science applications that directly impact the global environment and human society. Potential applications include, but are not limited to, forecasting of weather and climate variability; prediction and monitoring of drought conditions; management and allocation of water resources; agricultural plant production and alleviation of famine; prevention of natural disasters such as wild fires, landslides, floods, and dust storms; or monitoring of ecosystem response to climate change. Because of the importance and wide‐ranging applicability of highly variable spatial and temporal SM information that links the water, energy, and carbon cycles, significant efforts and resources have been devoted in recent years to advance SM measurement and monitoring capabilities from the point to the global scales. This review encompasses recent advances and the state‐of‐the‐art of ground, proximal, and novel SM remote sensing techniques at various spatial and temporal scales and identifies critical future research needs and directions to further advance and optimize technology, analysis and retrieval methods, and the application of SM information to improve the understanding of critical zone moisture dynamics. Despite the impressive progress over the last decade, there are still many opportunities and needs to, for example, improve SM retrieval from remotely sensed optical, thermal, and microwave data and opportunities for novel applications of SM information for water resources management, sustainable environmental development, and food security

    The Role of Synthetic Data in Improving Supervised Learning Methods: The Case of Land Use/Land Cover Classification

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    A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information ManagementIn remote sensing, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) maps constitute important assets for various applications, promoting environmental sustainability and good resource management. Although, their production continues to be a challenging task. There are various factors that contribute towards the difficulty of generating accurate, timely updated LULC maps, both via automatic or photo-interpreted LULC mapping. Data preprocessing, being a crucial step for any Machine Learning task, is particularly important in the remote sensing domain due to the overwhelming amount of raw, unlabeled data continuously gathered from multiple remote sensing missions. However a significant part of the state-of-the-art focuses on scenarios with full access to labeled training data with relatively balanced class distributions. This thesis focuses on the challenges found in automatic LULC classification tasks, specifically in data preprocessing tasks. We focus on the development of novel Active Learning (AL) and imbalanced learning techniques, to improve ML performance in situations with limited training data and/or the existence of rare classes. We also show that much of the contributions presented are not only successful in remote sensing problems, but also in various other multidisciplinary classification problems. The work presented in this thesis used open access datasets to test the contributions made in imbalanced learning and AL. All the data pulling, preprocessing and experiments are made available at https://github.com/joaopfonseca/publications. The algorithmic implementations are made available in the Python package ml-research at https://github.com/joaopfonseca/ml-research

    Détection de changement par fusion d'images de télédétection de résolutions et modalités différentes

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    La dĂ©tection de changements dans une scĂšne est l’un des problĂšmes les plus complexes en tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection. Il s’agit de dĂ©tecter des modifications survenues dans une zone gĂ©ographique donnĂ©e par comparaison d’images de cette zone acquises Ă  diffĂ©rents instants. La comparaison est facilitĂ©e lorsque les images sont issues du mĂȘme type de capteur c’est-Ă -dire correspondent Ă  la mĂȘme modalitĂ© (le plus souvent optique multi-bandes) et possĂšdent des rĂ©solutions spatiales et spectrales identiques. Les techniques de dĂ©tection de changements non supervisĂ©es sont, pour la plupart, conçues spĂ©cifiquement pour ce scĂ©nario. Il est, dans ce cas, possible de comparer directement les images en calculant la diffĂ©rence de pixels homologues, c’est-Ă -dire correspondant au mĂȘme emplacement au sol. Cependant, dans certains cas spĂ©cifiques tels que les situations d’urgence, les missions ponctuelles, la dĂ©fense et la sĂ©curitĂ©, il peut s’avĂ©rer nĂ©cessaire d’exploiter des images de modalitĂ©s et de rĂ©solutions diffĂ©rentes. Cette hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© dans les images traitĂ©es introduit des problĂšmes supplĂ©mentaires pour la mise en Ɠuvre de la dĂ©tection de changements. Ces problĂšmes ne sont pas traitĂ©s par la plupart des mĂ©thodes de l’état de l’art. Lorsque la modalitĂ© est identique mais les rĂ©solutions diffĂ©rentes, il est possible de se ramener au scĂ©nario favorable en appliquant des prĂ©traitements tels que des opĂ©rations de rĂ©Ă©chantillonnage destinĂ©es Ă  atteindre les mĂȘmes rĂ©solutions spatiales et spectrales. NĂ©anmoins, ces prĂ©traitements peuvent conduire Ă  une perte d’informations pertinentes pour la dĂ©tection de changements. En particulier, ils sont appliquĂ©s indĂ©pendamment sur les deux images et donc ne tiennent pas compte des relations fortes existant entre les deux images. L’objectif de cette thĂšse est de dĂ©velopper des mĂ©thodes de dĂ©tection de changements qui exploitent au mieux l’information contenue dans une paire d’images observĂ©es, sans condition sur leur modalitĂ© et leurs rĂ©solutions spatiale et spectrale. Les restrictions classiquement imposĂ©es dans l’état de l’art sont levĂ©es grĂące Ă  une approche utilisant la fusion des deux images observĂ©es. La premiĂšre stratĂ©gie proposĂ©e s’applique au cas d’images de modalitĂ©s identiques mais de rĂ©solutions diffĂ©rentes. Elle se dĂ©compose en trois Ă©tapes. La premiĂšre Ă©tape consiste Ă  fusionner les deux images observĂ©es ce qui conduit Ă  une image de la scĂšne Ă  haute rĂ©solution portant l’information des changements Ă©ventuels. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tape rĂ©alise la prĂ©diction de deux images non observĂ©es possĂ©dant des rĂ©solutions identiques Ă  celles des images observĂ©es par dĂ©gradation spatiale et spectrale de l’image fusionnĂ©e. Enfin, la troisiĂšme Ă©tape consiste en une dĂ©tection de changements classique entre images observĂ©es et prĂ©dites de mĂȘmes rĂ©solutions. Une deuxiĂšme stratĂ©gie modĂ©lise les images observĂ©es comme des versions dĂ©gradĂ©es de deux images non observĂ©es caractĂ©risĂ©es par des rĂ©solutions spectrales et spatiales identiques et Ă©levĂ©es. Elle met en Ɠuvre une Ă©tape de fusion robuste qui exploite un a priori de parcimonie des changements observĂ©s. Enfin, le principe de la fusion est Ă©tendu Ă  des images de modalitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes. Dans ce cas oĂč les pixels ne sont pas directement comparables, car correspondant Ă  des grandeurs physiques diffĂ©rentes, la comparaison est rĂ©alisĂ©e dans un domaine transformĂ©. Les deux images sont reprĂ©sentĂ©es par des combinaisons linĂ©aires parcimonieuses des Ă©lĂ©ments de deux dictionnaires couplĂ©s, appris Ă  partir des donnĂ©es. La dĂ©tection de changements est rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  partir de l’estimation d’un code couplĂ© sous condition de parcimonie spatiale de la diffĂ©rence des codes estimĂ©s pour chaque image. L’expĂ©rimentation de ces diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes, conduite sur des changements simulĂ©s de maniĂšre rĂ©aliste ou sur des changements rĂ©els, dĂ©montre les avantages des mĂ©thodes dĂ©veloppĂ©es et plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement de l’apport de la fusion pour la dĂ©tection de changement

    Book of short Abstracts of the 11th International Symposium on Digital Earth

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    The Booklet is a collection of accepted short abstracts of the ISDE11 Symposium
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