Citizens AND HYdrology (CANDHY): conceptualizing a transdisciplinary framework for citizen science addressing hydrological challenges

Widely available digital technologies are empowering citizens who are increasingly well informed and involved in numerous water, climate, and environmental challenges. Citizen science can serve many different purposes, from the "pleasure of doing science" to complementing observations, increasing scientific literacy, and supporting collaborative behaviour to solve specific water management problems. Still, procedures on how to incorporate citizens' knowledge effectively to inform policy and decision-making are lagging behind. Moreover, general conceptual frameworks are unavailable, preventing the widespread uptake of citizen science approaches for more participatory cross-sectorial water governance. In this work, we identify the shared constituents, interfaces, and interlinkages between hydrological sciences and other academic and non-academic disciplines in addressing water issues. Our goal is to conceptualize a transdisciplinary framework for valuing citizen science and advancing the hydrological sciences. Joint efforts between hydrological, computer, and social sciences are envisaged for integrating human sensing and behavioural mechanisms into the framework. Expanding opportunities of online communities complement the fundamental value of on-site surveying and indigenous knowledge. This work is promoted by the Citizens AND HYdrology (CANDHY) Working Group established by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)

Avoimeen dataan perustuvan jokivirtaamatyökalun arvo Kaakkois-Aasiassa

Water governance deals with a substance that is essential for sustaining life. Managing a physical substance, which runs in multiple interconnected systems crossing administrative borders of all scales, creates controversies when the interests of different stakeholders collide. Creating policies and making decisions related to water requires efficient science-policy interaction, to which environmental modelling is inarguably an important input that provides salient, credible, and legitimate information to be used. However, modelling the endless complexity of the physical world leaves the modelers facing uncertainties. This work demonstrates the environmental modelling process, conducts an uncertainty quantification, and finally investigates the potential of adopting open-source solutions as a part of environmental modelling and policy support. This work applies both quantitative and qualitative methods. The main quantitative methods are hydrostreamer, a newly developed open-source tool that can estimate river streamflow, and Monte Carlo simulation, which is applied to quantify a type of uncertainty related to hydrostreamer. Within the qualitative methods, a survey and semi-structured interviews are applied to assess the current state of hydrostreamer and its applicability in the 3S river basin located in Southeast Asia, and also to investigate the potential of open-source based environmental modelling solutions in a more general manner. In the work, one of the contributors of uncertainty related to modelling streamflow with hydrostreamer is quantified and shown to behave with respect to Strahler order. Minor applications for hydrostreamer in its present state are found in the study area, and potential for adopting open-source solutions is shown, primarily due to low costs and through major donor organizations. In the resulting discussion, it is emphasized that trade-offs between modelling tool applicability and accuracy should be addressed to make the environmental modelling process truly open, instead of limiting the openness to only few of those with the required capabilities. Evaluating uncertainties related to a modelling process helps building confidence on the methods used; however, it should be considered carefully how to present the analysis and results for those who are not familiar with the subject. The work is a technical approach with ultimate goals in incorporating non-technical people and arguing for open data and transparency. It is concluded that open-source tools exhibit potential to be incorporated in complicated policy-making contexts despite the fact that no single tool can provide a panacea for complex issues.Vesi on keskeinen elämää ylläpitävä aine, ja sen merkitys lähes kaikille elinkeinoille on hyvin suuri. Se kiertää luonnon toisiinsa liittyneissä järjestelmissä jatkuvasti, ja vesivarojen hallinnoinnin on kyettävä toimimaan hallinnollisten rajojen yli. Veden käyttöön liittyy usein intressiristiriitoja eri toimijoiden välillä. Tieteellistä tietoa ja ympäristömallintamista hyödynnetään päätöksenteossa vesialalla, jolloin tuotetun tiedon tulisi olla mahdollisimman hyödyllistä ja luotettavaa. Fyysisen maailman loputon monimutkaisuus kuitenkin aiheuttaa epävarmuutta mallintamiseen. Tässä työssä esitellään ympäristömallintamisen prosessi ja arvioidaan erästä epävarmuustekijää numeerisesti. Lopuksi arvioidaan avoimeen lähdekoodiin perustuvien ratkaisujen potentiaalia osana ympäristömallintamista ja päätöksenteon tukea. Tässä työssä käytetään sekä laskennallisia että laadullisia menetelmiä. Laskennallisia menetelmiä ovat hydrostreamer, uusi avoimeen lähdekoodiin perustuva työkalu jokivirtaaman arviointiin, ja Monte Carlo -simulaatio, jota käytetään epävarmuuden simuloimiseen ja arviointiin. Kyselytutkimusta sekä puolistrukturoituja haastatteluja sovelletaan hydrostreamerin nykytilan ja sovellettavuuden arviointiin käyttäen nk. 3S-jokilaaksoa Kaakkois-Aasiassa esimerkkialueena. Työn tuloksena näytetään arvioidun spatiaalisen epävarmuuden käyttäytyvän käänteisesti Strahlerin luvun suhteen. Pienimuotoisia sovelluskohteita hydrostreamerille osoitetaan olevan tutkimusalueella, ja avointen työkalujen käyttöä ympäristömallintamisessa arvioidaan laadullisten tulosten perusteella. Työn pohdinnassa korostetaan, että mallintamistyökalujen valinnassa ja käytössä tulisi ottaa huomioon kompromissit sovellettavuuden ja tarkkuuden välillä. Tällöin mallinnusprosessista tulisi aidosti avoin sen sijaan, että avoimuus rajoittuisi vain pienelle joukolle toimijoita, joilla on tarvittava osaaminen ja data käytössään. Mallinnukseen liittyvien epävarmuuksien analysointi auttaa rakentamaan luottamusta kehitettyihin menetelmiin: epävarmuusanalyysin toteutus ja tulosten esittäminen muille voivat kuitenkin olla haastavia ja vaativat huolellista suunnittelua. Työ on lähtökohtaisesti tekninen, mutta sen pohjalta voidaan myös saada ei-teknisiä toimijoita osallistumaan mallintamiseen entistä enemmän. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että potentiaalia sisällyttää avoimet työkalut osaksi monimutkaisia päätöksentekoprosesseja on olemassa, vaikkakaan mikään työkalu ei voi yksinään ratkaista kaikkia ongelmia

Climate change and mountain water resources: overview and recommendations for research, management and policy

Mountains are essential sources of freshwater for our world, but their role in global water resources could well be significantly altered by climate change. How well do we understand these potential changes today, and what are implications for water resources management, climate change adaptation, and evolving water policy? To answer above questions, we have examined 11 case study regions with the goal of providing a global overview, identifying research gaps and formulating recommendations for research, management and policy. <br><br> After setting the scene regarding water stress, water management capacity and scientific capacity in our case study regions, we examine the state of knowledge in water resources from a highland-lowland viewpoint, focusing on mountain areas on the one hand and the adjacent lowland areas on the other hand. Based on this review, research priorities are identified, including precipitation, snow water equivalent, soil parameters, evapotranspiration and sublimation, groundwater as well as enhanced warming and feedback mechanisms. In addition, the importance of environmental monitoring at high altitudes is highlighted. We then make recommendations how advancements in the management of mountain water resources under climate change could be achieved in the fields of research, water resources management and policy as well as through better interaction between these fields. <br><br> We conclude that effective management of mountain water resources urgently requires more detailed regional studies and more reliable scenario projections, and that research on mountain water resources must become more integrative by linking relevant disciplines. In addition, the knowledge exchange between managers and researchers must be improved and oriented towards long-term continuous interaction