28 research outputs found
Modeling the Use of Nonrenewable Resources Using a Genetic Algorithm
This paper shows, how a genetic algorithm (GA) can be used to model an economic process: the interaction of profit-maximizing oil-exploration firms that compete with each other for a limited amount of oil. After a brief introduction to the concept of multi-agent-modeling in economics, a GA-based resource-economic model is developed. Several model runs based on different economic policy assumptions are presented and discussed in order to show how the GA-model can be used to gain insight into the dynamic properties of economic systems. The remainder outlines deficiencies of GA-based multi-agent approaches and sketches how the present model can be improved.
Modeling the use of nonrenewable resources using a genetic algorithm
This paper shows, how a genetic algorithm (GA) can be used to model an economic process: the interaction of profit-maximizing oil-exploration firms that compete with each other for a limited amount of oil. After a brief introduction to the concept of multi-agent-modeling in economics, a GA-based resource-economic model is developed. Several model runs based on different economic policy assumptions are presented and discussed in order to show how the GA-model can be used to gain insight into the dynamic properties of economic systems. The remainder outlines deficiencies of GA-based multi-agent approaches and sketches how the present model can be improved
Teoria de jogos para utilização efetiva dos recursos em aplicações para 5G
Doutoramento em Engenharia Eletrotécnica - TelecomunicaçõesEsta tese tem como objetivo fornecer afirmações conclusivas em relação a
utilização eficiente de recursos para redes e aplicações de 5G (5a geração)
com recurso a teoria dos jogos. Neste contexto, investigamos dois cenários
principais, um relativo a comunicações móveis e um outro relativo a redes
inteligentes. Uma métrica importante para o desenho das redes móveis
emergentes é a eficiência energética, com particular ênfase no lado do dispositivo
móvel, onde as tecnologias das baterias são ainda limitadas. Alguns
trabalhos de investigação relacionados têm demonstrado que a cooperação
pode ser um paradigma útil no sentido de resolver o problema do défice
energético. Contudo, pretendemos ir mais além, ao definir a cooperação e
os utilizadores móveis como um grupo de jogadores racionais, que podem
atuar sobre estratégias e utilidades, por forma a escolher a retransmissão
mais apropriada para poupança de energia. Esta interpretação presta-se à
aplicação da teoria dos jogos, e recorremos assim aos jogos coalicionais para
solucionar conflitos de interesse entre dispositivos cooperantes, empregando
Programação Linear (LP) para resolver o problema da selecção da retransmissão e derivar a principal solução do jogo. Os resultados mostram que a escolha do jogo de retransmissão coalicional proposto pode potencialmente duplicar a duração da bateria, numa era em que a próxima geração de dispositivos móveis necessitará de cada vez mais energia para suportar serviços
e aplicações cada vez mais sofisticados. O segundo cenário investiga a resposta
da procura em aplicações smart grid, que está a ganhar interesse sob
a égide do 5G e que é considerada uma abordagem promissora, incentivando
os utilizadores a consumir electricidade de forma mais uniforme em horas de
vazio. Recorremos novamente à teoria dos jogos, imaginando as interacções
estratégicas entre a empresa fornecedora de energia eléctrica e os potenciais
utilizadores finais como um jogo de forma extensiva. São abordados
dois programas em tempo real de resposta à procura: Day-Ahead Pricing
(DAP) e Convex Pricing Tariffs. A resposta dos consumidores residenciais
conscientes dos preços destas tarifas, é formulada como um problema
de Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) ou Quadratic Programming
(QP), nos quais as soluções potenciais são o agendamento dos seus electrodomésticos inteligentes de modo a minimizar os seus gastos diários de electricidade, satisfazendo as suas necessidades diárias de energia e níveis
de conforto. Os resultados demonstram que implementar o programa DAP
pode reduzir a razão Peak-to-Average (PAR) at e 71% e as faturas de consumo
das casas inteligentes at e 32%. Para além disso, a aplicação de tarifas
convexas em tempo real pode melhorar ainda mais estas métricas de desempenho,
alcançando uma redução de 80% do PAR e uma economia de
mais de 50% na faturação da energia residencial.This research thesis aims to provide conclusive statements towards effective
resource utilization for 5G (5th Generation) mobile networks and applications
using game theory. In this context, we investigate two key scenarios
pertaining to mobile communications and smart grids. A pivotal design
driver for the upcoming era of mobile communications is energy efficiency,
with particular emphasis on the mobile side where battery technology is still
limited. Related works have shown that cooperation can be a useful engineering
paradigm to take a step towards solving the energy deficit. However,
we go beyond by envisaging cooperation and mobile users as a game of rational
players, that can act on strategies and utilities in order to choose the
most appropriate relay for energy saving. This interpretation lends itself to
the application of game theory, and we look at coalitional games to settle
conflicts of interest among cooperating user equipments, and employ Linear
Programming (LP) to solve the relay selection problem and to derive the
core solution of the game. The results reveal that adopting the proposed
coalitional relaying game can potentially double battery lifetime, in an era
where the next wave of next generation handsets will be more energy demanding
supporting sophisticated services and applications. The second
scenario investigates demand response in smart grid applications, which is
also gaining momentum under the umbrella of 5G, which is a promising
approach urging end-users to consume electricity more evenly during nonpeak
hours of the day. Again, we resort to game theory and picture the
strategic interactions between the electric utility company and the potential
end-users as an extensive form game. Two real-time demand response
programmes are addressed, namely Day-Ahead Pricing (DAP) and convex
pricing tariffs. The response of price-aware residential consumers to these
programmes is formulated as Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)
or Quadratic Programming (QP) problem, which optimally schedule their
smart home appliances so as to minimise their daily electricity expenses
while satisfying their daily energy needs and comfort levels. The results
demonstrate that implementing the DAP programme can reduce the Peakto-
Average Ratio (PAR) of demand by up to 71% and cut smart households
bill by 32%. Moreover, applying real-time convex pricing tariffs can push
these performance metrics even further, achieving 80% PAR reduction and
more than 50% saving on the household electricity bill
Recommended from our members
Game theory for dynamic spectrum sharing cognitive radio
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University on 21 June 2010.‘Game Theory’ is the formal study of conflict and cooperation. The theory is based on a set of tools that have been developed in order to assist with the modelling and analysis of individual, independent decision makers. These actions potentially affect any decisions, which are made by other competitors. Therefore, it is well suited and capable of addressing the various issues linked to wireless communications. This work presents a Green Game-Based Hybrid Vertical Handover Model. The model is used for heterogeneous wireless networks, which combines both dynamic (Received Signal Strength and Node Mobility) and static (Cost, Power Consumption and Bandwidth) factors. These factors control the handover decision process; whereby the mechanism successfully eliminates any unnecessary handovers, reduces delay and overall number of handovers to 50% less and 70% less dropped packets and saves 50% more energy in comparison to other mechanisms. A novel Game-Based Multi-Interface Fast-Handover MIPv6 protocol is introduced in this thesis as an extension to the Multi-Interface Fast-handover MIPv6 protocol. The protocol works when the mobile node has more than one wireless interface. The protocol controls the handover decision process by deciding whether a handover is necessary and helps the node to choose the right access point at the right time. In addition, the protocol switches the mobile nodes interfaces ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ when needed to control the mobile node’s energy consumption and eliminate power lost of adding another interface. The protocol successfully reduces the number of handovers to 70%, 90% less dropped packets, 40% more received packets and acknowledgments and 85% less end-to-end delay in comparison to other Protocols. Furthermore, the thesis adapts a novel combination of both game and auction theory in dynamic resource allocation and price-power-based routing in wireless Ad-Hoc networks. Under auction schemes, destinations nodes bid the information data to access to the data stored in the server node. The server will allocate the data to the winner who values it most. Once the data has been allocated to the winner, another mechanism for dynamic routing is adopted. The routing mechanism is based on the source-destination cooperation, power consumption and source-compensation to the intermediate nodes. The mechanism dramatically increases the seller’s revenue to 50% more when compared to random allocation scheme and briefly evaluates the reliability of predefined route with respect to data prices, source and destination cooperation for different network settings. Last but not least, this thesis adjusts an adaptive competitive second-price pay-to-bid sealed auction game and a reputation-based game. This solves the fairness problems associated with spectrum sharing amongst one primary user and a large number of secondary users in a cognitive radio environment. The proposed games create a competition between the bidders and offers better revenue to the players in terms of fairness to more than 60% in certain scenarios. The proposed game could reach the maximum total profit for both primary and secondary users with better fairness; this is illustrated through numerical results
CALIDAD DEL SERVICIO RESTRINGIDA EN CAPACIDAD PARA LA SELECCIÓN DE ACCESS POINT EN REDES INALÁMBRICAS 802.11
En este artículo, se presenta un algoritmo que garantiza la calidad del servicio basado en capacidad para la selección de un punto de acceso inalámbrico en una red 802.11. Este problema es modelado como un juego no cooperativo basado en restricciones de ancho de banda donde los jugadores son los usuarios quienes de forma egoísta se conectan al punto de acceso (AP) que le garantice la calidad de servicio desde la perspectiva exclusiva de la capacidad mínima requerida para desempeñar el servicio requerido en la red. Para ello, se introduce el concepto de solución conocido como Equilibrio de Satisfacción (ES) y posteriormente se propone un algoritmo desarrollado en Matlab® que permite al dispositivo de red determinar a cuál de los posibles AP disponibles debe conectarse, superando las tasas de transferencia requeridas para realizar sus tareas necesarias en la red y por consiguiente, garantizando calidad de servicio (QoS) desde la perspectiva de mínima capacidad requerida, mediante restricciones de ancho de banda.PALABRAS CLAVES: Ancho de Banda, Equilibrio de satisfacción, Juegos no Cooperativos, QoS, Redes 802.11, Teoría de Juegos. In this article, an algorithm that guarantees the quality of service based on ability for the selection of a wireless access point in an 802.11 network is presented. This problem is modeled as a non- cooperative constraint-based bandwidth game where players are users who selfshly connect to the access point (AP) that guarantees the quality of service from the unique perspective of a high capacity required to perform the required services in the network. For this, the concept of solution known as Equilibrium Satisfaction (SE) is introduced and subsequently an algorithm developed in Matlab® that allows the network device determine which of the possible available APs to be connected is proposed, surpassing transfer rates required to perform their tasks required on the network and therefore guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) from the perspective of minimum required capacity, through bandwidth restrictions. KEYWORDS: Bandwidth, Balance of satisfaction, not Cooperative Games, QoS, 802.11 Networks, Game Theor
Advances in the sociology of trust and cooperation: theory, experiments, and field studies
The problem of cooperation and social order is one of the core issues in the social sciences. The key question is how humans, groups, institutions, and countries can avoid or overcome the collective good dilemmas that could lead to a Hobbesian war of all against all. Using the general set of social dilemmas as a paradigmatic example, rigorous formal analysis can stimulate scientific progress in several ways. The book, consisting of original articles, provides state of the art examples of research along these lines: theoretical, experimental, and field studies on trust and cooperation. The theoretical work covers articles on trust and control, reputation formation, and paradigmatic articles on the benefits and caveats of abstracting reality into models. The experimental articles treat lab based tests of models of trust and reputation, and the effects of the social and institutional embeddedness on behavior in cooperative interactions and possibly emerging inequalities. The field studies test these models in applied settings such as cooperation between organizations, informal care, and different kinds of collaboration networks. The book will be exemplary for rigorous sociology and social sciences more in general in a variety of ways: There is a focus on effects of social conditions, in particular different forms of social and institutional embeddedness, on social outcomes. Theorizing about and testing of effects of social contexts on individual and group outcomes is one of the main aims of sociological research. Modelling efforts include formal explications of micro-macro links that are typically easily overlooked when argumentation is intuitive and impressionistic Extensive attention is paid to unintended effects of intentional behavior, another feature that is a direct consequence of formal theoretical modelling and in-depth data-analyses of the social processe
Game theory for dynamic spectrum sharing cognitive radio
‘Game Theory’ is the formal study of conflict and cooperation. The theory is based on a set of tools that have been developed in order to assist with the modelling and analysis of individual, independent decision makers. These actions potentially affect any decisions, which are made by other competitors. Therefore, it is well suited and capable of addressing the various issues linked to wireless communications. This work presents a Green Game-Based Hybrid Vertical Handover Model. The model is used for heterogeneous wireless networks, which combines both dynamic (Received Signal Strength and Node Mobility) and static (Cost, Power Consumption and Bandwidth) factors. These factors control the handover decision process; whereby the mechanism successfully eliminates any unnecessary handovers, reduces delay and overall number of handovers to 50% less and 70% less dropped packets and saves 50% more energy in comparison to other mechanisms. A novel Game-Based Multi-Interface Fast-Handover MIPv6 protocol is introduced in this thesis as an extension to the Multi-Interface Fast-handover MIPv6 protocol. The protocol works when the mobile node has more than one wireless interface. The protocol controls the handover decision process by deciding whether a handover is necessary and helps the node to choose the right access point at the right time. In addition, the protocol switches the mobile nodes interfaces ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ when needed to control the mobile node’s energy consumption and eliminate power lost of adding another interface. The protocol successfully reduces the number of handovers to 70%, 90% less dropped packets, 40% more received packets and acknowledgments and 85% less end-to-end delay in comparison to other Protocols. Furthermore, the thesis adapts a novel combination of both game and auction theory in dynamic resource allocation and price-power-based routing in wireless Ad-Hoc networks. Under auction schemes, destinations nodes bid the information data to access to the data stored in the server node. The server will allocate the data to the winner who values it most. Once the data has been allocated to the winner, another mechanism for dynamic routing is adopted. The routing mechanism is based on the source-destination cooperation, power consumption and source-compensation to the intermediate nodes. The mechanism dramatically increases the seller’s revenue to 50% more when compared to random allocation scheme and briefly evaluates the reliability of predefined route with respect to data prices, source and destination cooperation for different network settings. Last but not least, this thesis adjusts an adaptive competitive second-price pay-to-bid sealed auction game and a reputation-based game. This solves the fairness problems associated with spectrum sharing amongst one primary user and a large number of secondary users in a cognitive radio environment. The proposed games create a competition between the bidders and offers better revenue to the players in terms of fairness to more than 60% in certain scenarios. The proposed game could reach the maximum total profit for both primary and secondary users with better fairness; this is illustrated through numerical results.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Advances in the Sociology of Trust and Cooperation
The book identifies conditions for trust and cooperation. It highlights unintended consequences of individually rational behavior, and shows how trust and cooperation change dependent on social embeddedness. Such analyses inspire experimental tests in lab conditions, but also tests through empirical applications in field studies. The results of this mixed-method approach can in turn be used to inspire further theoretical work